To Accompany Essay Example

To Accompany Paper With the enhancements of technology, global transactions and competition between accountancy firms, professional accountants now provide various consultancy engagements to maintain their competitive advantage. The expanded role of professional accountants has resulted in accountants carrying out tasks which may include risks, management, personnel, consulting investment, controls and investigation. Following recent significant corporate collapses and their relationship to auditors and accountants discharging their responsibilities, there have been spate of regulatory and profession reforms that are designed to restore confidence to OTOH the public and the profession. The concept of audit independence is being examined critically in respect of its relevance and contribution to the public interest. The impact of the expanded role include: Increased public scrutiny of the fees payable to and the independence of auditors; Increased opportunities for auditors and accountants to be involved in the management of businesses, with the increasing risks to independence, Increased government regulations and professional regulations regarding the tasks performed, quality control and scope of auditors work. Increased acceptance of the importance of auditor independence. What role does ASIA have in the regulation of auditors? We will write a custom essay sample on To Accompany specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on To Accompany specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on To Accompany specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer ASIA has a significant role in the regulation of auditors. ASIA is the statutory administrative body for the enforcement of the Corporations Act 2001. Government regulation is exercised through ACACIAS surveillance program Which involves the scrutiny of all aspects of the financial statements of listed and some non-listed Australian public companies. The Objective Of this surveillance program is supplemented by an auditors review program and a liquidators review program. ASIA has the following powers and influence over the regulation of auditors: Registration by individuals, firms and companies as auditors; The audit inspection program enforced by the ASIA which covers the auditor rotation program, the policies and work practices of auditors; and Audit independence issues. This statutory body also has the power to impose a penalty on registered auditor or liquidator if he/she is found to be guilty of failing to discharge duties properly. It the auditor is deemed to be not a tit and proper person, his/her registration can be cancelled or suspended, such as bankruptcy, What are the different types of audit activities that an auditor may perform? Discuss. Audits are generally classified into different types of activities ? Financial statement, compliance, performance, comprehensive and environmental audits, Auditors may also be performing internal audit as an assurance engagement. The objective of a financial statement audit is to enable the auditor to express an opinion as to Whether the financial Statements are prepared, in all material respects, in accordance with an identified financial reporting framework. The financial statement audit involves obtaining and evaluating evidence about n entitys financial affairs so as to establish the degree of correspondence between the managements assertions and the established criteria, such as legal requirements and accounting standards. This type of audit is performed by independent auditors appointed by the shareholders of the company, or by equivalent proprietors of non-incorporated entities whose statements are being audited. Auditors must be qualified and able to exercise their skills in an independent and objective manner. The nature and extent of the audit examination are provided in Part MM. 3, Division 3, Audit and Auditors Report, of he Corporations Act. A compliance audit involves obtaining and evaluating evidence to determine whether certain financial or operating activities of an entity conform to specified conditions, rules or regulations, The established criteria in this type of audit may come from a variety of sources. Management, for example, may prescribe policies (or rules) pertaining to overtime work, participation in a superannuation plan, and conflict of interests. Compliance audits based on criteria established by management may be undertaken often during the year. Business enterprises, to-for-profit organizations, government units and individuals are required to prove compliance With many regulations. In many instances, the audit opinion issued under the requirements of the Corporations Act has elements of a compliance audit, where the auditor is required to express an opinion on the companys compliance with the provisions of the Corporations Act. Corporate and individual taxpayers comply With the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 (Cloth), as amended, in filling out their annual tax returns. In the public sector, the term regularity audit is used to denote an examination hat reports on the legality and control of operations and the integrity photoset dealing with public funds, including the expression of an opinion on an entitys compliance with statutory requirements, rules, ordinances or directives that govern its activities. A performance audit is an audit of all or part of an entitys or entities activities to assess economy and/or technical and/or effectiveness. It involves obtaining and evaluating evidence about the efficiency, economy and effectiveness of an entice/s operating activities in relation to specified objectives. This type of audit activity can be undertaken in the private or public sector, by an internal or external auditor, or as an one-off project or an ongoing engagement. Sometimes performance audit may also be referred to as a value-for-money (VPN), operational or management audit. The term performance audit is usually applied in the public sector, with some application in the private sector; the other terms are common to both private and public sectors. The Australian National Audit Office (NANA) defines a performance audit as: an independent and systematic examination of an organization, program or function for the purposes f: ; forming an opinion about: whether the organization, program or function is being managed in an economical, efficient and effective manner; and the adequacy Of internal procedures for promoting and monitoring economy, efficiency and effectiveness; and ; suggesting ways by Which management practices, including procedures for monitoring performance, might be improved. Comprehensive auditing occurs when an auditor undertakes a range of audit and related services for a client -? a scenario that is more common in the public sector. A comprehensive audit encompasses the elements of a financial tenement audit, a compliance audit and a performance audit. Environmental matters may have an impact on the financial statements. Some examples of environmental matters affecting financial statement accruals, the impairment of assets, disclosures or the basis of preparation include: ; a pollution prevention system, of which the cost may be accrued for remediation costs ; liability relating to transportation of, or contamination by, hazardous waste ; the obsolescence of inventory due to environmental laws and regulations. Auditors are required to carry out their environmental audit with an attitude f professional skepticism, recognizing that the audit may reveal conditions and events that would lead to questioning whether the entity is complying With relevant environmental laws and regulations. The environmental audit is a recent trend and normally involves a review or an agreed-upon procedures engagement Internal audit is defined as an independent, objective assurance and consulting activity designed to add value and improve an organizations operations. It helps an organization accomplish its objectives by bringing a systematic, disciplined approach to evaluate and improve the effectiveness of risk management, control, ND governance processes. How does the profession/government ensure that external company audits are performed at an appropriate level of quality? Every profession is concerned about the quality of its services, and the public accounting profession is no exception. Quality audits are essential to ensure that the profession meets its responsibilities to clients, to the general public and to regulators who rely on independent auditors to maintain the credibility of financial information. To help assure quality audits, the profession and the regulators have developed a multilevel regulatory framework. This framework encompasses many of the activities of the private and public sector organizations associated with the profession. For the purpose of describing the framework, these activities may be organized as follows: ;Standard setting: The JABS issues Standards, Guidance Notes and other guidance to provide clear standards for auditing and assurance services, and for review and Other related services. The professional bodies and AFC issue ethical codes to establish and monitor the performance Of professionalism and ethical behavior Of professional accountants. ; Firm regulation: Each public practice entity adopts policies and reoccurred to ensure that practicing accountants adhere to professional standards. Self- or peer regulation: The accounting profession has implemented a comprehensive program of self. Regulation (including mandatory continuing professional education) and a program of quality control and practice reviews. ; Government regulation: The FRR, ASIA and CALEB, along with the courts, courts monitor and regulate auditor independence and conduct. The quality control standards help firms to achieve quality practice at firm and individual levels, The quality control standards include: Miscellaneous professional statements (Pass); APPEASE regarding conformity with auditing and assurance standards; and ASSAYS (ISAACS) which identifies the responsibilities of an engagement partner and engagement team in an audit engagement. Brim regulation involves with the implementation of a system of quality control within firms. They typically include elements such as leadership responsibilities, ethical requirements, systems in acceptance and continuance of client relationships, proper allocation of human resources, control of engagement performance and monitoring and quality reviews. On the Other hand, self-regulation is imposed by the professional bodies using artifice of practice, continuing professional education requirements, and reviews. In addition to these, the government practices overall surveillance through ASIA, with reference to the registration and monitoring of auditors by the CALEB. Â  Lindsey L] used the following sentence in the 1895 London and General Bank case. How would you describe the relevance of the auditors role in present times? His business is to ascertain and state the true financial position of the at the time of the audit, and his duty is confined to that.. Rayon The role of the auditor has changed considerably since the time of the London ND General Bank case. These changes have been brought about by changes in statute and common law and by changes in community attitudes and expectations. The auditors role is still very relevant in terms of adding credibility to financial statements. Nowadays, auditors also offering a broader range of assurance services to satisfy the information needs of doffs users of financial information. Examples of this broader range of services include performance audits and environmental audits. 1. Discuss the different types of assurance which may be obtained in an assurance engagement. Reasonable assurance engagement: The objective of a reasonable assurance engagement is to reduce the assurance engagement risk to an acceptably low level, With the aim to arrive at a positive form of expression of conclusion. Limited assurance engagement: Limited assurance engagement aims to reduce the assurance engagement risk to a level that is acceptable in the circumstances of the engagement but where that risk is greater than for a reasonable assurance engagement, as the basis for a negative form of expression of opinion. What are the limitations, if any, off financial statement audit? A financial statement audit is performed in accordance with AS 200 Objective and General Principles Governing an Audit of a Financial Report. There are inherent limitations in any audit. These limitations include the use of testing, reliance on internal control structures, the possibility of collusion and the tact that most audit evidence is persuasive rather than conclusive. Regardless of the type of audit, a professional subjective judgment will be used in gathering and evaluating evidences and forming the relevant conclusion. These inherent limitations also mean that the auditor cannot achieve a zero engagement risk. Therefore, an absolute assurance is not possible in a financial report audit. An enhancing role Of auditors has developed where the audit expertise is used widely to assist the clients needs. What are your views concerning the role described, with particular reference to the appearance of audit independence? The enhancing role described is a logical extension of the auditors traditional role, in order to meet the changing expectations of users of financial statements in recent years. Auditing has also progressed from a compliance role to a value- adding role to management and business. Along with increasing competition among firms and cost}efficiency pressure, auditors often provide consulting services to audit clients. Hence there is a blurring or relationship with clients. The public confidence of audit independence had been in decline as a result of high profile corporate and audit failures, partly due to the wide range of services that were performed by the auditors involved in these cases, and partly due to the lack of effective corporate governance. However, legislators, the profession and the audit firms all have been working hard to push for reform to restore inference, independence and integrity to the profession. Recent examples of significant reform to audit independence are The enactment of Serbians-Solely Act in US; Big Pour Firms such as KEMP and Presumptuousnesss have separated their management consulting and assurance services by selling their consultancy arm to a third party; and A mandatory cooling Off period for retiring partners joining the board of their audit clients and a mandatory rotation of engagement partners. What is meant by a comprehensive audit? Should a comprehensive audit be carried out by an independent auditor? A comprehensive audit encompasses the elements of a financial report audit, a compliance audit and a performance audit. It is most commonly undertaken in the public sector through the office of the Auditor General, A comprehensive audit would normally be carried out by an independent auditor, in either the public sector or the private sector. I . 0 How do you think the corporate collapses have influenced the role of auditing in recent years? The corporate collapses in US and Australia have had a fundamental impact to the role of auditing in recent years. Recent events have led closer public scrutiny n the role of the auditor, the audit independence and the methodology on how an audit is carrying out. That is, there is greater understanding the expectation gap between the public and the auditing profession and the acknowledgement by the profession that it needs to reduce this gap. Significant steps hue been made to influence the enhancing role of auditor to that of a convergence role, Which emphasizes the following: A clear Objective to enhance and maintain the integrity of the profession; Clearly address the auditor interest to the public is as important as to the client, such as safeguarding independence by eliminating ample relationship with audit clients (i. E. Omit to audit only); Reiterate ethical governance; A clear distinction of audit and non-audit engagements carried out by auditor, this leads to legislation and self regulation being established to a ban on certain non-audit services for audit clients; Stronger regulation on auditors and audit firms as well as tougher enforcement on non-compliance; Return to a more rigorous audit of substantive matters, rather than limit to the testing of internal controls; Increasing the forensic nature of audit and stronger awareness of report fraud; Relate audit risks to business risk Professional application questions Audit objectives Required Discuss the current changes in the objectives of auditing, identifying the expanded roles of professional accountants and some of the reasons attributable to the changes. The traditional audit role was a conformance role. Audits focused on finding errors in balance sheet accounts and on stemming the growth Of fraud. The detection of fraud had a very important emphasis. As companies began to grow and become more complex during the nineteenth century, the detection Of fraud came an unrealistic objective although was still generally perceived as one of the main objectives of a financial report audit. The difference in perception of responsibilities and reality were addressed in the case of Kingston Cotton Mill co(1896) 2 Chi. 0279. Lopes, L] said of auditors: He is a watchdog, but not a bloodhound. Elf there is anything calculated to excite suspicion, he should probe it to the bottom but, in the absence of anything of that kind, he is only bound to be reasonably cautious and careful This effectively stated that it is impossible to detect all fraud as part of the audit. Auditing standards place the following requirements on auditors: The auditor should plan the audit to have a reasonable expectation of detecting material misstatements that have a material impact on the financial report (ii not all fraud). The auditor should report any irregularities (including fraud) even if the effect on the financial report is expected to be immaterial. In conclusion, the primary Objective Of an audit is to express an opinion as to whether the financial report is prepared, in all material respects, in accordance With an identified financial reporting framework. The Objective to detect fraud is n the context of the auditors opinion. Also in recent years, the role of the auditor has expanded to meet the changing expectations of users of financial statements. This expanded role is evidenced by the wide range of assurance services now offered by auditors. 1. 2 Independence Based on the series of accounting crisis and corporate collapses in the early sass, discuss the importance of maintaining independence by an auditor. Audit Independence is the cornerstone of auditing. Independence is the essence that underlies the success and credibility of the accounting profession and its service to the public. Maintaining independence allows the auditing and accounting profession to be self-regulated, a highly prestigious character, This objectivity permits the profession to perform its attestation and monitoring functions effectively. Independence is also a key component of the agency theory of auditing. In the management shareholder agency relationship it is important that the monitoring function (audit) is and is seen to be separate from management, for it to be a ;value added service. I . 3 Standard setting a. Comment on an auditors ability and methods in attesting the credibility of uncial statements prepared by the governing party of an organization. Due to formal training and experience, the auditor has the ability, credibility and authority under Corporations Law, to undertake attestation of financial statements. At minimum, an auditor who carries out an audit must be a current registered member of CPA Australia and ACACIA. In accordance with the requirements laid down in the various Auditing Standards, the auditor plans the nature, timing and extent of procedures to be followed to arrive at a positive expression of an opinion under the requirements of AS 200 and AS 220. B. Explain what type of assurance an auditor should provide in a financial statements audit. A financial statements audit is one that expresses an opinion on written assertions and thus the audit level of assurance is expressed as a positive opinion. The financial statement audit provide a reasonable level Of assurance which enhances the credibility of the information provided by the party responsible for the matter, such as in the audit report on financial statements under the Corporations Act 2001. While the assurance of the financial statement audit is objective, it is subject to a number of inherent limitations. Some of these limitations include time lapse, audit testing based on selective samples, a subjective assessment of materiality, and that where there are highly specialized areas, the auditors may need to seek external advice regarding the subject matter being audited. 1. 4 Regulatory trademark a) One component of this framework is the oversight ability of the FRR, Identify the type of work that is performed by the FRR which aims to enhance the quality and independence of professional services Section 225 of the Corporate Law Economic Reform Program Act egg lists the function of the FRR. They include: Â  Overseeing the setting of accounting standards in Australia; Â  Appointing members of the AAAS other than the chair; Â  Giving directions to the SAAB on matters of general policy and procedures; Monitoring the operation of accounting standards to assess their continued relevance and effectiveness in achieving their objectives; Â  Monitoring the effectiveness of auditor independence requirements in Australia; Â  Reporting to the minister and giving advice about continuing Steps to enhance auditor independence; and Monitoring disciplinary procedures of accounting bodies.

BIOPOLAR DISORDER RESEARCH PAPER

BIOPOLAR DISORDER RESEARCH PAPER Free Online Research Papers According to the National Institute Mental Health (NIMH) booklet (2008), Bipolar disorder is commonly known for a manic-depressive illness. This is caused by a brain disorder that usually shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, and carried out day by day. The symptoms of bipolar disorder are severe. The different norms that can go from up or down moods. Bipolar symptoms can damage a healthy relationship, job and school performance, and even suicidal. People with bipolar disorder can live a productive life with the proper treatment. Bipolar disorder can be diagnosis in early teens or early adult years. Before the age of 25 there has been some case studies diagnosis with bipolar disorder. Some people may have been diagnosis in their early childhood, while others have been diagnosis in their late adult years. Bipolar disorder is hard to determine in the beginning. The symptoms are hard to recognize because the problems are separated. The diagnosis may have placed the problem in a different category. People may have suffered over years before getting treatment or diagnosis. This is a long-term illness and must be treated like diabetes or heart diseases. Symptoms People with intensive mood episodes are commonly diagnosis for bipolar disorder. There state of mind is like an emotional roller coaster. Several episodes a person could have being bipolar (NIMH booklet, 2008). Manic episode: a person who is overly joyful or overexcited. Depressive episode: a person who is extremely sad or hopeless state. Mixed episode: a person who has both manic and depression. During a mood episode a person may also become irritated and explosive. Bipolar disorder may also cause a long lasting experience in unstable moods. Most of the day or nearly every day a person with bipolar disorder may experience a number of manic or depression episodes. This could last between one or two weeks. Some of the symptoms are so severe that a person cannot perform correctly on the job or school. According to Veronica fisher (2007), the other episodes that determine bipolar disorder, hypomania and severe mania. Hypomania is a person with increased energy and activity levels. They also feel good, function well and very productive. Family and friends may recognize some of the symptoms. But people with hypomania are in denial about their actions. Hypomania without the proper treatment could lead to severe mania or depression. In a mixed episode a person could have trouble sleeping, become agitated, appetite change and suicidal. People with bipolar disorder may have severe episodes that may cause manic or depression. Psychotic symptoms also occur in people with bipolar disorder. The symptoms can be from hallucinations and delusions. People with psychotic symptoms have extreme reflected moods. Some diagnosis can be determined wrong. People with psychotic behavior are often diagnosis of being schizophrenia because of the hallucinations and delusions. People with bipolar disorder may also have behavior problems and substance abuse with alcohol or drugs. Their relationships and poor work habits may also be affected by it. Diagnostic challenges According to NIMH booklet (2008), people try to treat their bipolar symptoms with substance abuse. This pro-long the process by triggering the behavior control. The mania result causes a person to drink too much. Other disorders that can be diagnosis with bipolar disorder are: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PSTD) Social phobia Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) These symptoms may overlap with bipolar disorder and cause a restless and easy distracted area. Other diseases can also be determined in bipolar patients such as: thyroid disease, migraine headaches, heart diseases, obesity and other physical illnesses. These illnesses may cause mania or depression. Some of these illnesses may cause a problem in diagnosis and treatment (NIMH Booklet 2008). Common assessing tools A person with bipolar disorder must take the first step to see a doctor. After seeing a doctor a physical exam an interview is given. Lab tests are being ran to determine if any illnesses are found. Once blood work has been found negative and no signs of stroke or brain tumor the doctor can begin mental health evaluation. A referral may also be provided to a trained mental health professional, who is experienced in diagnosis and treatment. Family history should be discussed during evaluation to determine if any history of bipolar disorder or mental illnesses. An interview should also be given to close family or friends. People with mania or hypomania symptoms are more likely to seek help. A medical history should be carefully examined to assure that bipolar disorder is not mistakenly diagnosis or treated. Most effective treatment Bipolar disorder has not been properly cleared for a cure. No cure for the disorder and most people depend on the proper treatment to control their mood swings and related symptoms. Bipolar does have a lifetime recurrent illness and people are diagnosis need a lifetime supply of treatment. Medication and psychotherapy are an effective treatment plan that helps prevent relapse and symptom severities. Having a daily life chart can help the doctor keep track of the patient’s mood, treatment, sleep patterns and life events (NIMH Booklet 2008). According to U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA, 2007), some of the medication may have some side affect that may cause a trauma or severe illness. The following medications are: Mood stabilizers Atypical Antipsychotics Antidepressants Psychotherapy is another word for â€Å"talk† therapy. In talk therapy it provides support, education, and guidance to people and their family who are diagnosis with bipolar disorder the psychotherapy treatments are (NIMH Booklet, 2008): Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) this helps people with bipolar disorder to change negative thought patterns to positive. Family-focused therapy involves the family and it educates the family on recognizing early behavior before it reoccurs. Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy helps improves people with bipolar disorders relationships with others and it manages their daily routines. Psychoeducation educates people with the disorder about the illness and treatment. It also helps them to recognize a sign if a relapse seeks early. Developmental or breakthrough within five years According to NIMH (April 2007), â€Å"A clinical trial called Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD) was funded. In this study researchers compared two large groups. In the first group was treated with collaborative care (three sessions of Psychoeducation over six weeks). The second group was treated with medication and intensive psychotherapy (30 sessions over nine months of CBT, interpersonal and social rhythm therapy, or family-focused therapy)†. According to the researchers they found that the second group had fewer relapses than the first one also there was a lower hospitalization rates and they felt better about sticking to the treatment. NIMH believes that by supporting this research more cases can be solved through combinations of psychotherapy and medication. They want people to live a symptom free life from being by bipolar. They want to help research determine more accurate results of delaying the start of bipolar disorder in children and adults that are at high risk to get the illness. Reference Akiskal, HS. (2005). Mood Disorders: Clinical Features. in Sadock BJ, Sadock VA. Kaplan Sadocks Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. Lippincott Williams Wilkins: Philadelphia Bizarre JV, Sbrana A, Rucci P, May 2007, â€Å"The spectrum of substance abuse in bipolar disorder: reasons for use, sensation seeking and substance sensitivity. P. 213-220. Fisher, Veronica. (March 2007). â€Å"Different Bipolar Disorder Symptoms of the Manic and Depressive Phases.† P.1-2 Goodwin FK, Jamison KR. (2007) Manic-Depressive Illness: Bipolar Disorders and Recurrent Depression, Second Edition. Oxford University Press: New York. Kessler RC, Berglund P., June 2005, â€Å"Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Co morbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 62(6):593-602. Research Papers on BIOPOLAR DISORDER RESEARCH PAPERPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThree Concepts of PsychodynamicCapital PunishmentThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Trailblazing by Eric AndersonBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfResearch Process Part OneThe Effects of Illegal Immigration

Enterprie Architecture (Enterprise 2.0 memo) Essay

Enterprie Architecture (Enterprise 2.0 memo) - Essay Example That means the collective intelligence will help employees find information and reach solutions in a much easier way. Secondly, it ensures effective flow of information which results in satisfactory decisions in a compliant manner. On the one hand, the opinion of customers and other stakeholders is available and on the other, the need for compliance is analyzed by availing the necessary information. That means, the decisions taken will be compliant with the rules and regulations and, at the same time, free from skepticism from various stakeholders. In fact, proper communication with stakeholders in the financial sector helps improve company image. As the information regarding various decisions and transactions remain transparent to the stakeholders, they feel increased participation in the decision-making process. As the stakeholders get a chance to express their opinion about various decisions, Enterprise 2.0 becomes the most effective way of communication with stakeholders. Moreover, as each stakeholder gets a chance to know the opinion of many other stakeholders, the company executives will save a lot of time which they usually spend detailing the plans to each and every stakeholder. Also, the ratings provided by the existing consumers will encourage new potential investors as the opinion of the existing consumers is the most influencing factor. Yet another important point is the need to recruit and train new Gen Y people. It seems that the new recruits will be more inclined towards gathering information from electronic sources rather than printed ones. That means, the company needs to develop such an image where information flow is electronic, transparent, accessible and user-friendly. Such an image will help recruit new people, and once selected, the new recruits will find it easy to get access to information and solution as they remain in touch with peers, policy

Competition Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Competition - Term Paper Example The market price in a perfect competition is determined by the market forces namely, the demand and supply of the products. The features of perfect competition are as follows, There are a large number of buyers and sellers in a perfect competitive market that neither a single buyer nor a single seller can influence the price. The price is determined by the market forces namely the demand for the supply of the products. Thus the sellers in the perfectly competitive market are price takers and quantity adjusters. The products produced by all the firms in a perfectly competitive market must be homogenous and identical in all respects i.e. the products in the market are same in quantity, size, taste etc. The products of different firms are perfect substitutes and the cross elasticity is infinite. Both the buyers and the sellers are fully aware of he current price in the market. Therefore the buyer will not offer higher price and the sellers will not accept a price less than the one which is prevailing in the market. There must be complete freedom for the entry of new firms or the exit of the existing firms from the industry. In times of profits, new firms will enter into the markets and in time of loss the existing firms will leave the industry. In a perfect competition it is assumed that there are no transportation costs. Because in perfect competition, a commodity is sold at same price throughout the market. So if transportation costs are incurred firms closer to the market will charge a lesser price than the firms far away. So, it is assumed that there are no transportation costs. Under perfect competition price is determined by the market forces namely the demand for and supply of the commodities. Hence there is uniform price in the market. As a result the average revenue is perfectly elastic. The AR curve is horizontally parallel to x-axis. Since the average revenue is

Literature Synthesis Paper-Case study Case Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Literature Synthesis Paper- - Case Study Example Example 1 is the most common word order in German; it is a declarative sentence and has only one main clause (Weyerts, Penke, Munte, Heinze & Clahsen 216). So the verb is in second position in a sentence that is complete and can stand alone; in other words in an independent clause. Weyerts, Penke, Munte, Heinze & Clahsen claim that â€Å" it is always a finite verb or auxiliary that appears in second position, and it only appears there in main clauses† (216). In sentence 3, the first or main clause follows the subject-verb-object order but because the second clause cannot stand alone and is dependent on the main clause the word order changes to subject-object-verb (Monaghan, Gonitzke & Chater 816). If however, the subordinate or dependent clause comes before the main or independent clause the word order is different again. For example: Sentence 4 begins with a dependent clause and because this subordinate clause is in first position it is considered to be the first part of the main clause and the word order is SVO. The verb in the main clause follows the verb in the subordinate clause because it is considered the second position in the sentence (Verstraete 616). The infinite verb in sentence 5 is ‘changed’ and has moved to the final position after the object but the finite verb ‘has’ stays in second position after the subject in main or independent clauses, which is different to English as can be seen in the translation. Another example to illustrate this ordering is Sentence 7 illustrates how instead of the finite verb being in second position and the infinite verb being in last position as seen in sentence 6, both verbs move and follow the object but the infinite verb precedes the finite verb (Monaghan, Gonitzke & Chater 816). Another example of this ordering is Sentence 8 includes a subject of the subordinate clause and further illustrates how the infinite verb follows the object and the finite verb follows the

The Human Diversity In A Counselling Environment Sociology Essay

The Human Diversity In A Counselling Environment Sociology Essay In todays society the concept of both identity and human diversity have become both an integral and important aspect of peoples daily lives. In the case of a counsellors role, where a mutually trusting therapeutic environment is conducive to the success of any outcomes of therapy, it has become paramount for todays professional counsellor to acknowledge and address these issues when entering into any therapeutic relationship with clients. With global migration easily available to many individuals, the World has become a profoundly multicultural, multiethnic and multinational place, with many millions of people moving to live within new cultures. As a result it is estimated that one in every 35 people is such an international immigrant. (Lago, 2011) Such a change in the demographics of potential clients for any counsellor/psychotherapist today has resulted in a high probability that they will come in to contact with individuals of differing race, culture, ethnicity, sexual orientation, socio-economic status, age, physical abilities, religious beliefs,  political beliefs or other ideologies. The issues regarding identity is invariably complex and can be continually changing (Kettle, 2004) and needs to be successfully navigated by the counsellor to ensure a mutually respectful relationship is created between them and the client in order for any therapeutically beneficial outcome to be achieved. If these identity issues are not addressed the effect could be very harmful and detrimental to any potential relationship due to the dynamics of power and control between the client and counsellor (McKenzie, 1986; Lago, 2011). This essay will describe the key issues of what it is that gives us our identity and what it means to be diverse. A simple definition for diversity can be given as being very different (Oxforddictionaries.com, 2012). It can however, be argued that it is much more than that. It is having an understanding that each individual person is unique and recognising those individual differences. For a counsellor and their client it is the exploration  of these differences in a safe, positive, and nurturing environment.  It is about understanding each other and moving beyond  simple tolerance to embracing and celebrating the  rich dimensions of diversity contained within each individual and discovering how they may affect both the counsellor and client in developing a healthy working relationship. The advent of Rogers third force of psychotherapy, the client centred approach in the 1960s, introduced the idea that the client should be both the focus and at the very centre of the therapeutic session (Rogers, 1957). This soon led to the concept that an acceptance of a clients identity and culture is paramount to these aims being met. The term the culturally encapsulated counsellor was introduced by Wrenn (1962) to critique a universalistic approach to counselling which soon came to be known as multicultural counselling, which today is regarded by many therapists as the fourth force in psychotherapy/counselling. Multicultural counselling is what takes place when a counsellor and their client are from differing cultural groups. Cultural identity itself however is not simply defined by the colour of a persons skin or the geographical location or even their ethnicity, it can encompass a multitude of factors. Gender, religious beliefs, social economic status, sexual orientation are all identity factors that a culturally encapsulated counsellor needs to be aware of, not only from the clients perspective but also to have a good self awareness of their own cultural identity. (Middleton, et al., 2011) The issue of race and ethnic identity comprises of several factors which include an understanding of more than just what it is to black or white. A sense of identification with what whiteness means as compared to being part of a racial/ethnic minority group, including the importance of the difference between race and culture itself is critical to becoming an effect multicultural counsellor. It is vital that counsellors do not assume, for example, that all blacks or all Asians have similar cultural backgrounds. There are various ethnic identifications that exist within each of these racial groups such as language, religion, or gender roles and whilst it is true many of these ethnic groups share the physical characteristics of race, they may not necessarily share the same value and belief  structures (Katz, 1985). Some examples of these ethnic identifications can be seen in the cultural value system of many black Africans, where a great value is placed on the concept of family, especially their  children, who are seen as a  gift from  God. There is a great emphasis on their sense of community and their place in it. Personal wellbeing becomes secondary to that of social conflict resolution, which is seen as more important, to ensure peace and equilibrium within the community. Another example can be seen within the Chinese cultural environment, where passivity rather than assertiveness is revered. Quiescence rather than verbal articulation is seen as a sign of wisdom and there is the role of the all-knowing father that the Chinese respect for authority bestows on them (Ching and Prosen, 1980). The fact that traditional counselling therapies have been developed upon the research with predominantly middle classed white men indicates a propensity towards gender bias within the profession. It has even been reported that some professional counsellors have evaluated female clients as less competent than male clients (Balkin, Schlosser and Levitt, 2009). Aspects of gender can be also affected by religious attitudes from both the counsellor and client, either of which may have more traditional beliefs about specific gender roles and behaviour. There are also certain individuals or groups who adhere to religious fundamentalism which should be taken into consideration, which places women in the more traditional roles other than those chosen by more modern contemporary women. These fundamentalists have been seen to exhibit strong sexist behaviour in regards to issues of gender (Balkin, Schlosser and Levitt, 2009). It is clear that religious identity has been shown play a pivotal role for both the client and the counsellor within the therapeutic process. It is suggested that highly religious people have a tendency to believe they have stronger moral attributes than those of non-religious people (Hunter, 2001 cited in Balkin, Schlosser and Levitt, 2009, p.420). In the case of a highly religious counsellor, such a bias could cause complications within the counselling environment in regards to issues such as homophobia, gender bias and racism. It could be argued that when faced with issues such as homosexuality, which is regarded as a sin in many conservative religions, it could give rise to problems with dealing with clients who fall into the gay, lesbian, bi-sexual or transgender group for the highly religious counsellor (Balkin, Schlosser and Levitt, 2009). A persons gender/sexual orientation could be argued as being one of the more complex identity issues, with its anonymity and invisibility being a large factor that can create problems for both counsellor and client. Despite a growing public awareness of gender identity with the acceptance of trans-identified celebrities on popular television such as Graham Norton and Gok Wan, there can be a certain amount of confusion for the counsellor when working with transgender clients as the distinction between gender and sexuality is prone to being misunderstood. (Hawley, 2011) Sexual orientation generally refers to a persons sexual object choice, as in whether we choose to have sex with male or with females. As a result the options are to be straight (heterosexual), gay (homosexual) or bisexual. For most people the determination of sexuality is dependent on the gender of the individuals, i.e.: male/female, male/male, and female/female. However for some this is more complex for what if your gender was unknown to you? For some, this issue goes beyond the physical sexuality of their bodies; it is subject to behaviours, social acceptance and/or belonging to specific groups to which their allocated sex consigns them. (Hawley, 2011) For the counsellor, it is important to be aware of the multiple possibilities that fall within gender/sexuality identification. Pre-judgement and bias is an all too easy mistake for the inexperienced counsellor to make about sexuality, with the arrival of a cross dressing client. Similarly the client themselves may be feeling terrified and in a state of bewilderment as to their own feelings, in such instances a open minded and understanding therapist would be considered a lifeline. (Hawley, 2011) In an effort to address the diversity of clients in the counselling environment, a number of models have been introduced to the counselling professional in an effort to provide adequate training in the areas of race, culture, ethnicity and other areas of diversity as key variables in understanding the representations of psychological distress in clients (Moodley, 2005). Sue, Arredondo and McDavis (1992) states that counsellors who practice without adequate training or competence when working with clients from diverse cultural backgrounds are prone to practicing unethically and with potentially harmful actions, which borders on a violation of human rights. Sue and Sue (1990) identified three areas in which a culturally skilled counsellor could become proficient in multiculturalism. The first is the process of becoming aware of their own assumptions about human behaviour, values, biases, preconceived notions and personal limitations. Secondly, is the attempt to understand and share the worldview of their culturally different client with respect and appreciation and without imposing any negative judgments. Thirdly and finally, a culturally skilled counsellor is someone who actively develops and puts into practice appropriate, relevant and sensitive intervention strategies utilising skills when working with their diverse clients. However, since the publication and formal adoption by the American Counselling Association of the Sue, et al. (1982) multicultural counselling competencies (MCC) model, some researchers have noted that little empirical research has been carried out to evaluate the model itself (Chao, 2012). Patterson (1996) states that multicultural counselling is generic in nature and as such all counselling is multicultural. It is not hard to accept the uniqueness of each individual client when you consider the infinite number of combinations and permutations of identify. As such to try and develop a different counselling technique for each one would be an insurmountable task. There appears to be an emphasis on the difference in values between diverse cultures, but it should be acknowledged that so many of these different values are actually customs, lifestyles, habits, social norms and as such common to many different groups and even considered to be universally accepted values (Patterson, 1996). The success of the exsisiting models within counselling/psychotherapy should not be so easily abandoned in an attempt to become more culturally diverse. Any compromise of the westernised therapeutic psychological models should be limited as has been suggested through the intervention of a more multicultural approach when working with ethincally diverse clients, for diluting the process would surely lead to a less effective service being provided (Patterson, 1996) Sue Sue (1990) acknowledged that the core conditions such as unconditional positive regard, respect and accpetance of the individual, an empathic relationship of understanding the clients problem from their own perspective and allowing the client to explore their own core values and reach their own solutions are counselling qualities that may trancend culture. Rogers (1957) claimed that there are five basic qualities that all counsellors need to become an effective counsellor and as such create an effective therapeutic relationship. The nature of this relationship has been well established within the counselling environment and is the same, regardless of whatever cultural, ethnic, gender or social group a client belongs to. Having respect for clients, trusting them to make the right decisions, take responsibility for themselves. Genuiness, where the counsellor acts like a real person, not coming across as the all knowing expert or using a battery of techniques on the client. Empathic understanding for a client is more than simply having the knowledge of the group to which they belong. It is being able to use this knowledge to enter the clients world by invitation through self disclosure by the client, which is related to the degree of respect and genuiness displayed towards the client. (Rogers, 1957; Patterson, 1996) It is essential that communication of these qualities is perceived and felt by the client during the threapeutic process in order for them to be effective. The understanding of cultural differences in both verbal and non-verbal behaviours can overcome some of the difficulties encountered when dealing with culturally diverse clients. It can also be said that these qualities are not only essential for an effective counselling environment but also facilitate all interpersonal relationships. Being neither time-bound or culture-bound thay can encompass all issues of identity within the counselling environment. (Patterson, 1996)

Randy Pausch’s Last lecture presentation

1. Randy Pausch’s Last lecture presentation is about achieving your childhood dreams, enabling the dreams of others, and how you can achieve your dreams or enable the dreams of others. Mr. Pausch had several childhood dreams these included: being in zero gravity, playing in the NFL, Authoring an article in the World Book Encyclopedia, being Captain Kirk, winning stuffed animals, and being a Disney Imagineer. He achieved his first dream of being in zero gravity when he was a professor and his students were taking part of a space ship demonstration.He did not achieve his dream of being a NFL player; however as a kid he was enrolled in football. He states that football taught him so many things, such as hard work, the fundamentals, and experience. He learned that when you’re screwing up and no one bothers to say anything to you that means that they stopped caring. He received an opportunity to write an article for the encyclopedia on virtual reality. He also won lots of bi g stuff animals for his family. Randy Pausch had done so well for himself in the virtual reality world that Captain Kirk came to meet him, and lastly he was able to work as a Disney Imagineer.Lastly, he ends his lecture with some important advice. He states to be good at something; it makes you valuable. He states to work hard, find the best in everybody; no matter how you have to wait for them to show it, and be prepared† â€Å"luck† is where preparation meets opportunity. I agree with his advice, one should not stop dreaming and striving for excellence. One should have fun, take chances and never give up. I feel that Mr. Pausch wanted to leave his family with one last positive legacy. 2. My childhood dreams were to be in NASA and go to space, have a family, to be wealthy and have my own island.I believe it is important to achieve your dreams; it keeps one striving for a goal and distracts one from seeing the negatives in his or her life. A dream defines you. 3. What I ’ve learned from my experiences with failure is that when one has a will there is a way. It gave me the opportunity to learn that I have people that will be there for me and help me understand that I’m not alone and that they will be with me through every step of the learning experience.4. The important life lessons I have learned so far are: that this is my ife and it’s up to me how I choose to live it, I have the right to choose my own destiny, I have also learned that family is more important than money, I have learned that nothing can buy you more happiness than a child and marrying the perfect woman, and always look on the bright side. 5. My last lecture would be about how to live life to the fullest. The five points I would communicate to others are: 1. Love and accept everyone including yourself 2. Laugh and be happy 3. Make a bucket list 4. Don’t hang onto the past 5. Don’t give up

General Muslim Religion Essay

Islam is the world’s second great monotheistic religion (Armstrong, 2002). Islam, an Arabic word, comes from a root word meaning commitment or surrender: hence the foundation of Islam is submission to the will of the Only God, Allah. The word ‘Muslim’ also itself means ‘one who lives his life according to Allah’s will (Esposito, 2002). Allah also has laid down the five pillars of foundations of Islam which are: 1. Confession of faith (shahada): the basic idea of Islam which is submission to Allah’s will 2. Prayer (salat): An exercise done five times daily to remember Allah’s influence in a Muslim’s life 3. Fasting (Roza): In the month of Ramadan for a month 4. Almsgiving (Zakat): Annually by rich Muslims at the rate of 21/2% of wealth 5. Pilgrimage (hajj): Once in a lifetime What holidays or events are important to your religion and why? The Muslims follow the Islamic calendar which is based on the position of the moon and their holidays fall accordingly to it. This includes 1. New Year which for them is the first day of Hijra (migration) when we celebrate Prophet Muhammad’s departure from Mecca to Medina in AD622 2. 12th Rabi-ul-awwal that is the birthday of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) 3. Shab-e-Baraat (night of forgiveness): In preparation of Ramadan, Muslims seek to forgive old grievances against each other and beg for mercy from their Lord 4. Lailat-ul-Qadr (night of power) when the Holy Quran was revealed to the Holy Prophet. It takes place on the 27th of Ramadan. 5. Eid-ul-Fitr which takes place after Ramadan and is like Christmas to the Muslims 6. Hajj: The pilgrimage which constitutes the fifth pillar of Islam is one of the most important events in the Muslim calendar and takes place in the month of Hajj 7. Eid-ul-Azha: Another Christmas type celebration which celebrates the end of the Meccan pilgrimage and animal sacrifices are made during the three days How does your group handle conflict? What are some examples of conflict? If there are criminal or family conflicts, they can be resolved through Islamic courts which decide the cases according to Shariah or the Islamic law. These are practiced in almost al Muslim countries though such Shariah courts are disallowed in western countries and over there Muslims must follow the law of the country they are residents of. One of Britain’s MPs recently suggested that Shariah courts be allowed in Britain also but this created uproar by non-Muslims who were afraid of Islamization. Other then that, if the solution of an issue is not mentioned in the Quran or its explanation is murky, knowledgeable Islamic scholars gather together to find an answer to a certain problem and it then becomes a rule of the Shariah. This practice has been prescribed by Allah to keep Islam updated with emerging problems in this fast changing world. What is the focus of your religion? The focus of Islam for Muslims is again submission to Allah’s will. This can be done through reading, understanding and following the word of God, which Muslims believe to be the Holy Quran. They should also follow the teachings of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) called the Sunnah and only then can they live the life of a true and complete Muslim. For the Western world though, the focus of Islam has always been its fascist beliefs and what they consider to be its outdated traditions, not understanding that there is only a minority of Muslims who distort the name of Islam by interpreting it so harshly. Who are your current leaders? Who are leaders of the past? Like most religions, Muslims have also had pious men of God lead them by example. There have been a total of 124000 prophets sent by Allah though the Quran only mentions 25 of them. The first prophet was Hazrat Adam and the final and undoubtedly the greatest prophet was our last prophet, Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH). Allah revealed in the Quran that no more prophets shall come after the Holy Prophet (PBUH). After the prophets, came numerous Caliphs or religious leaders. Currently, tough there are learned Islamic scholars in the Muslim world; there are no leader as such. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) in the words of Allah was the Seal of the Prophets. How do your members participate and what is expected? All Muslim males are required to congregate in a mosque for the five daily prayers, especially the afternoon Friday prayers (Clark, 2003). For Muslim women, assembly in mosques is not mandatory. Other then that, all Muslims are required to uphold the basic principles of Islam by fulfilling all their obligations. Are there any special requirements, such as fasting, personal sacrifice? Fasting is the third pillar of Islam and without fasting, a Muslim is incomplete. It is prescribed for Muslims in the form of a month long abstinence from food and drink, accompanied by intense devotional activity. Physical relations and swear words are also prohibited to be performed or uttered. Similarly, smoking, losing temper, telling lies and all negative activities are also discouraged. Fasting, as is made clear by Allah, is not to be taken as self torture but mainly a way for Muslims to learn about patience, fortitude and self sacrifice and also to realize the plight of the needy and poor. During Eid-ul-Azha, Muslims are also required to sacrifice goats in God’s way and share the meat with the poor. Where do you see your religion in 25 years? What changes have occurred recently? Keeping in mind the fast growing popularity of Islam, I see Islam in 25 years, as the world’s largest religion. This is because as the concept of religion is dying in the west and more churches are being converted to museums and restaurants, Muslims, now more than ever are embracing their faith with a greater fervency and non-Muslims are also converting to Islam which they accept as a complete way of life and not just a religion. Muslims have now grown more receptive to Western ideas and Ijtehad or consensus helps keep Islam updated with the modern world. How has the modern world changed the direction and or movement of your religion? The recent of War on Terror, which often tends to depict Islam as a rigid and extremist religion has resulted in more Muslims delving deeper to understand their religion (Lewis, 2004). This has led to increased knowledge of Islam and a growing number of Muslims defending their faith as actually a very flexible one. My religion’s name has been besmirched by a few misguided individuals who believe suicide bombings and terrorist activities are completely acceptable in the eyes of God which is not at all the case. Islam’s very basis is peace. Are there any other validated forms of the religion practiced? What are some of the factors that have contributed to changes in ideas or customs? The Muslim sect is predominantly divided into Sunnis (around 80%) and Shiahs. The major difference between them is the way in which divine guidance is discovered. Sunni Muslims take their stand on the consensus of the community making known the Sunna (Holy Prophet’s example) of the Holy Prophet (PBUH). Shiah Muslims look instead to inspired teachers and Imams who are descendents of the Holy Prophet (PBUH). Other sects include the Aghakhanis who are followers of the Aga Khan who considers himself a spiritual leader sent by God. His followers believe the five pillars of Islam to be non-mandatory, preferring to give charity to the poor instead. They don’t share the Muslim taboo associated with drinking. Many believe theses changes have occurred due to undue influence of the West. Other sects are the Qadianis and Bohris. Conclusion Muslims all over the world follows a religion known as Islam which is a monotheistic religion. The word Islam means to submit oneself to god. There are almost 2 billion Muslims around the world practicing the teaching of Islam making it the second largest religion of the world. The follows the teachings of Prophet Mohammad on whom a holy book Quran was revealed. The faith of a Muslim is based on five pillars of Islam that are tauheed, salaat, zakat, hajj, and fasting. References Book Armstrong. (2002). Islam: A Short History. Esposito, J. L. (2002). What everyone needs to Know about Islam. Clark. (2003). Islam for Dummies. Lewis. (2004). The Crisis of Islam.

Free Essays on Symbols In Lord Of The Flies

Piggy’s specs are a very symbolic object. Piggy is a social outcast but his intelligence and thoughtfulness well exceed that of any of the other boys. His thoughts come to life through Ralph’s image to make an ultimate leader. The specs are a symbol of man’s ability to perceive and think, man’s greed, and the boys’ vision of civilization. Piggy is the most intelligent boy and has the clearest perception of the boys on the island. The fact that he wears glasses is a symbol of his intelligence. After he was killed, â€Å"There was no Piggy to talk sense.†(216) Piggy was â€Å"a true, wise friend.† (202). At the beginning of the novel, Ralph uses the specs to create a signal fire for rescue, an intelligent idea. However, Jack uses Piggy’s specs to â€Å"smoke [Ralph] out and set the island on fire†(217). This is a contrast between the good and bad applications of man’s knowledge. The specs symbolise the greedy nature of mankind. The two tribes want the specs to create fire. Jack’s tribe wants fire to cook, Ralph’s tribe want the specs to keep the signal fire going. Ralph’s tribe was willing to share the glasses, â€Å"[Jack], You could have had fire whenever you wanted. But you didn’t. You came sneaking up like a thief and stole Piggy’s glasses!† (195) Jack would rather steal the specs and make Ralph’s tribe weak than share the tools they have collectively. He wants to have more power at all costs. His lack of morals lets his greedy nature take him over, and his followers as well. It is interesting because when Piggy has lost his glasses and can not see, the rest of the boys also lose their perception of reality and what is and is not acceptable behaviour. Roger loses his vision of what is humane, and â€Å"with a sense of delirious abandonment, leaned all of his weight on the lever†(200) and took Piggy’s life. They practically aba ndon all ties to civilized life, and they are too blind to see this. Piggy’s glasse... Free Essays on Symbols In Lord Of The Flies Free Essays on Symbols In Lord Of The Flies Piggy’s specs are a very symbolic object. Piggy is a social outcast but his intelligence and thoughtfulness well exceed that of any of the other boys. His thoughts come to life through Ralph’s image to make an ultimate leader. The specs are a symbol of man’s ability to perceive and think, man’s greed, and the boys’ vision of civilization. Piggy is the most intelligent boy and has the clearest perception of the boys on the island. The fact that he wears glasses is a symbol of his intelligence. After he was killed, â€Å"There was no Piggy to talk sense.†(216) Piggy was â€Å"a true, wise friend.† (202). At the beginning of the novel, Ralph uses the specs to create a signal fire for rescue, an intelligent idea. However, Jack uses Piggy’s specs to â€Å"smoke [Ralph] out and set the island on fire†(217). This is a contrast between the good and bad applications of man’s knowledge. The specs symbolise the greedy nature of mankind. The two tribes want the specs to create fire. Jack’s tribe wants fire to cook, Ralph’s tribe want the specs to keep the signal fire going. Ralph’s tribe was willing to share the glasses, â€Å"[Jack], You could have had fire whenever you wanted. But you didn’t. You came sneaking up like a thief and stole Piggy’s glasses!† (195) Jack would rather steal the specs and make Ralph’s tribe weak than share the tools they have collectively. He wants to have more power at all costs. His lack of morals lets his greedy nature take him over, and his followers as well. It is interesting because when Piggy has lost his glasses and can not see, the rest of the boys also lose their perception of reality and what is and is not acceptable behaviour. Roger loses his vision of what is humane, and â€Å"with a sense of delirious abandonment, leaned all of his weight on the lever†(200) and took Piggy’s life. They practically aba ndon all ties to civilized life, and they are too blind to see this. Piggy’s glasse...

Tylenol Cyanide Scare †Case Study Analysis

Tylenol Cyanide Scare – Case Study Analysis Free Online Research Papers In the Case 6-3, Tylenol Rides It out and Gains a Legacy, Chapter 6, was the one I decided to do my case study analysis on, in which I evaluated the effectiveness of communication between this organization and its publics. Based on my selected case study, I will evaluate the effectiveness of the communication between the organization and its intended public(s).This case study is a true story of how seven people died from cyanide put into capsules that people did not realize until too late. The first item on hand is to identify the different publics involved in the case study. There are two in this case which Tylenol (the company) is the corporation and the public which is the consumers. In having these tragedies happen to seven people in the Chicago area. Were cyanide was put into different capsules and resulting in seven deaths. Trying to figure out how to differentiate between the internal and external publics involved. The internal people would be the CEO, Vice Presidents, Upper management, Lower management and all the employees that worked for the company. The external were the customers, media, and special interest groups. The impact the communications had on the intended public(s) was great. Johnson and Johnson came out right and took the credit for all the problems. The company stood up and told people right away what was happing. By doing this and having a great founder that believed in the corporation and being socially responsible for society had a profound a ffect to the public. A company that has high ethics is very few and far between. A lot of companies just don’t want anyone to know what they are hiding so they try to sweep it under the rug. The message had been communicated greatly effectively because they as the company took on the public and the answers. They had a crisis and showed that they could handle it in any way. Any problem that was thrown at them they could try their best to fix or at least try to do something about it. Tylenol took pride in their product and in their reputation for integrity and having pride in the public. â€Å". In 2001, the crime remains unsolved. All supplies of the product in stores nationwide were pulled off the shelves by the parent company, Johnson Johnson, at a cost exceeding $50 million. After due time and investigation, the product was reissued in tamper-resistant containers, and a sealed package of capsules was offered free to consumers who had discarded the suspect supplies in their possession. The company became a champion of tamper-resistantconsumer product packaging†. (CASE 6-3 A CLASSIC: TYLENOL RIDES IT OUT AND GAINS A LEGACY, 1983) In the echoing events When I identified the different PR communication tools and techniques that were used to inform, influence, and motivate the public(s) in the Tylenol case. I was able to find a chart that listed all the forms they used below. They used proactive, reactive, strategic of non verbal and verbal words and many listed below in the chart that I have attached. They used strategic planning, News releases, Company profiles, Newsletters, Video services, Crisis Mangament, Speechwrighting. These came in handy because it was important to get the message out there with minumal distractions. Johnson and Johnson by using and following each one with care was able to have a much better out come then actually though. (Strategic communication process model, 2005) In evaluating the benefits and risks of using these tools is very risky because the scale can swing either way. By using the methods they chosen could have caused them to either go out of business or keep the business they have and get new clients. The company took a big risk with the decision. If it had gone the other way then we might not have Tylenol here at all. I would think that if they lost then another company would have come out with a similar product and they would have had made the same amount of money. The difference between the both is that this PR campaign and Advertising does not really matter does to the outcome in this century. I don’t think that I would have used other tools because I think that they pretty much did what they could at the time. If this crisis were to occur today, how would new technologies, such as the Internet, impact this case? It would have impacted very much. With the use of you tube and my space and the internet you can pracatally get instance messaging right on. This may have prevented so many deaths because if we used the internet there would have been instant messaging and I think we would have hit a lot more people in a shorter period of time. I think due to the time Tylenol did all that they could do. Due to the recent globalization of markets, would the outcome of this case be different if the events occurred today? It may have because the markets are mass media and everyone is on the internet and getting information. We might not have as many people die as we did. The case study was about how Tylenol had the scare with cyanide. It also talked about how seven people died because of it and how Tylenol products survived and they are now even better then ever. In the paper it asked us how we as PR people would improve on the situation and even predict a better outcome. We were asked if we think the internet would improve the outcome or even change the outcome. I think I have answered all the questions to the best of my abilities and have shown how Tylenol handled the situation very well for the time they were in. Not that the time was along time ago but it was before what internet service we have had in this present day of age. In the end I think that the internet would have improved the outcome and may even have saved some life. But what we know now and what we knew then are two different items. We can never go back and change the outcome of such a tragedy. In my case study analysis on, in which I evaluated the effectiveness of communication betw een this organization and its publics. I have shown the effectiveness on the communication on the public and how it can affect the public in different ways. I have achieved my goal in showing how the internet can play a big role in making a difference between PR now and PR then. Research Papers on Tylenol Cyanide Scare - Case Study AnalysisMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductThe Project Managment Office SystemThe Fifth HorsemanAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalResearch Process Part OneRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andLifes What IfsEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenGenetic Engineering

Islamophobia. How is it an issue in the workplace What are the Research Paper

Islamophobia. How is it an issue in the workplace What are the implications for HR - Research Paper Example Hence Islamophobia creates polarisation in the wide society and provokes discrimination and injustice toward Muslims in all walks of life including the workplace. According to Ramberg (6), Islamophobia is the apprehension of or prejudice view of Islam, Muslims and affairs concerning them. Islamophobia is not a fresh trend; however, many Muslim communities experience increased hostility characterized by mistrust, deep-rooted intolerance and ignorance. Regardless of whether Islamophobia takes the form of discrimination and intolerance, this phenomenon remains an infringement of human rights and threatens social cohesion (Semati 262). There is real discrimination against Muslim women in America within the workplace accompanied by different public treatment and mistreatment of veiled women. Many Muslim women suffer real and tragic oppression like gender oppression that manifests in persistently low pay and promotion rates within the workplace (Gottschalk and Gabriel 106; Ernst 107). ... The expansion of news networks and the internet offer channels of representing Islam as hostile to Americans and constantly increased and later on compounded by the events of 9/11 (Ali 1032). The problem with Islamophobia is that it considers Islam to be unacceptable in the modern circumstances and Muslims as unable of being proper citizens. Hence, in this murky situation, the national identity ends up being a negotiation between the law and the custom, which influences HR. One main problem to Muslims is that they do not benefit from unity building exercises because existing stereotypes condemn Muslims to retrograde positions in politics, religion and gender. Though Islamophobia is relatively new in North America where the numbers of Muslims are increasing steadily, Muslims suffer open discrimination and prejudice in public domains (Lalami 20-21). In case the US society was serious in combating Islamophobia, US Muslims, government and U.S. intelligent agencies would take immediate pr oactive steps in promoting balanced and accurate view of Islam. Moreover, Muslims would have to learn to work with the system for them to survive in the West while at the same time non-Muslims have to show great respect for the religion; however, this remains a huge challenge to HR. Through such cooperation, it is possible to envision a thriving multicultural US community in the future within the country. Moreover, the notion of good Muslim citizen suggests that Islamophobia can be dealt with through religious Multiculturalism and tolerance; however, it is hard to eradicate it by simple religious tolerance because Islamophobia is linked to US foreign policy (Jung 122). There are various recommendations for combating Islamophobia like education

Ideology of Advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ideology of Advertising - Essay Example We live in the age of conspicuous consumption. We are proud of having an opportunity to buy more and more goods and products. We do not realize why do we really need all this stuff, but we DO realize that we really want it! A greedy worm lives inside of our minds and hearts and it eats out our moral principles, while filling the gaps in our minds and hearts with the ideas of greediness. It is better to talk about these related phenomena, i.e. advertising and ideology and explain the way they are related and what this relation means to us. Ideals in Ads "Advertising, as the mouthpiece for capitalism, presents values and assumptions that color consumers" perceptions of reality (Cunnigham 2003, p. 229). It is true, as we have already mentioned, because the pace of our world's development determines the principles of our performance in the real world though we look at reality through a prism of artificially created world of ads. Cunnigham (2003) develops the following argument: "Advertisers’ common defense – if you don’t like the advertising, don’t watch it or don’t buy the products it promotes. But do we have a choice?" We can talk about a specific nature of advertising ideology. Very often not the interests of an individual, which lead to positive results, are taken into account, but a promotion of bad habits is usually adopted by the audience after consuming ads. The advertisement on TV promotes the images of slim women. Vice versa, ads promoting tobacco and alcohol are focused on the audience, which can easily consume these harmful goods. If we talk about ideology of advertising, we should pay attention to the very notion of the concept 'ideology'. This word is derived from the world 'ideal'. Still, this ideal is created by advertising campaigns of different companies. It is evident that attractive butts, appealing eyes, tempting lips and rosy cheeks with high cheekbones are ideal in the modern context for women. They want men to want them†¦ This happened in a different way many years ago. We can see that the modern society is changing and the ideals it promotes are changing too. Unfortunate ly, every individual can hardly differentiate his idealistic allusions from hard realities of the factual world. There is no fire without smoke. Therefore, women appeal for clinical surgery, they are easily driven into temptation while having a strong desire to be slimmer and become anorectic women. The global limits of the world are spreading by means of products, goods and services. We live in the world of colors and dynamism, so we have to get used to rapid changes and paths of current developments. In previous years the companies were interested in the brand's name development, improvement and support. Currently we can see different paths of development. The strategies of advertising are usually reflected in different means of printed media, TV or radio. Nowadays we are absorbed into a picturesque world of billboards, Tweet and Facebook and instant ads have totally grasped our attention! Different means of interactivity and transparency, as well as strategies of innovations impl ementation and creative performance updates are high on the agenda. This fact can be described in the following way: the main idea of the modern ad is focused at the