Thursday, August 27, 2020

What do you think Johnnys last words to Ponyboy in The Outsiders means free essay sample

The key viewpoint talked about in The untouchables By S.E. Hinton what does Johnny mean when he says remain gold to Ponyboy directly before Johnny bites the dust. What Johnny is attempting to state that beneficial things dont keep going long on the grounds that the brutal real factors of life he needs Ponyboy to remain solid dont go down an inappropriate way. Ponyboy tuned in to what Johnny says since now he gives more consideration to class and attempting to get to school as opposed to doing burglaries. Johnny composed a letter to falter and Ponyboy to let them know whether he kicks the bucket to remain gold stay strong.Gold can mean something different other than riches it can intend to remain unadulterated. For instance, â€Å"he implied youre gold when you’re a child, similar to green. When you’re a child everythings new, dawn.† This statement implies that you can’t remain gold perpetually it begins when your young and guiltless yet when you get old you see the unforgiving truth of the world and lose that honesty. We will compose a custom article test on What do you think Johnnys final words to Ponyboy in The Outsiders implies? or then again any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Another model, â€Å" But just so an hour at that point leaf dies down to leaf so Eden sank to grief.† This statement demonstrates that heaven place like Eden sank to sorrow implying that honesty and remaining unadulterated doesn't keep going forever. For example, on page 148 Johnny says â€Å"Stay gold Ponyboy Stay gold†¦..† This statement demonstrates that Johnny need Ponyboy to remain gold as long as possible yet the beneficial things must reach a conclusion. Another model, Johnny says remain gold to Ponyboy simply because Dally is as of now cold and hard Ponyboy is as yet youthful and honest Johnny likes him to remain as such. Numerous individuals accept that gold way to remain consistent with yourself. This view bodes well in light of the fact that Ponyboy never misled himself had confidence in himself. In any case, gold for the most part intends to Stay unadulterated and innocent.Gold can likewise mean you need to remain solid and remain blameless. For instance, in the sonnet, it says â€Å"Natures first green is gold, her hardest tint to hold†. This demonstrates its difficult to remain yourself as Dally grew up he lost confidence in himself. Additionally, Ponyboy and Johnny needed to remain gold they felt regretful that reason for the cigarettes the youngsters may bite the dust in spite of Dallys alerts. This demonstrates they didn't tune in to dither since they know he doesnt know how to remains gold. Significantly after ponyboy toughened up from the terrible occasions he remains had gold in himself he didnt completely tune in to dallys exhortation.

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Management Accounting at J Sainsbury Plc - Solution

Question: Depict about the Management Accounting at J Sainsbury Plc? Answer: Presentation This paper depicted the different angle money work. The primary goal of this paper is to assess the account work in the particular association. This paper covers the custom job, budgetary and non-money related difficulties and computation of working capital in the J Sainsbury plc association. This paper empowers to improve the account condition to serve better administration. In reality, account work is economy hypothesis that exhorted by the Abba P Lerner that hope to dispose of financial frailty during the Second World War. Account work hypothesis doesnt accept that legislature should adjust their financial plans. Customary jobs of the fund work Custom job of the fund work is imparting data to supervisors and investors to introduce in money related terms, for example, payables, receivables, finance and the relationship with the bank. In the ongoing occasions, job of the fund work has been under investigation. It centers around detail and more information which doesnt give legitimate data for better business choice. Changes in the money capacities are sorted out and the key job requires new structure, commitment and new connections. The business will center to back capacity to deal with and raised guideline and multifaceted nature of the association. Money capacities can keep up responsibility and execution measure. The key job of the fund capacities are interest in hardware, purchase choices, item or administration legitimacy and execution of the entire framework. Money officials in the huge UK associations have examined the job of account that components affecting the eventual fate of the fund capacity and issues to change. (Bonham, Langdon, 2013) On the other hand, the account work is extending an empowering agent over the organizations capacity and worth chain, cost the board, process structure, corporate administration, asset designation and hazard checking. In this condition, money should manage bigger volumes of information and more noteworthy multifaceted nature while diminishing its costs. The budgetary and non-money related difficulties Individuals have confronted numerous difficulties when the arranged about their budgetary and non-money related circumstance. These are budgetary difficulties that are portrayed underneath: Absence of time and information: When individuals arranged their budgetary condition they confronted absence of information and time issues. Individuals dont realize that how to deal with their money related position. Because of routine movement, they can't give time for their monetary position and they are additionally not a specialist about money related administration that how to separate their speculation between stocks, money and security dependent on your time span and individual solace that legitimately influences the budgetary capacity of the association. (Davidson, 2013) Overpower with obligation: Debt is the principle issue for budgetary achievement a large portion of individuals. The cash the board technique assists with defeating from obligation. On the off chance that individuals have part of obligation trouble, at that point it will be hard for the individual development and advancement. Along these lines, obligation diminishes individual achievement in the general public or network. It is the indication of connection with money related capacity. On the off chance that your credit not great and retirement plan cash is just alternative for deal with your future security and on the off chance that you will take large advance. At that point, it would build your obligation sum. Absence of sparing: Most of individuals have a place with working class classification those have absence of sparing so it is hard to sufficiently spare. Individuals can't set aside cash then how they will contribute. Sparing is about prioritization. Sparing assumes a significant job in the viewpoint of speculation. Absence of sparing influences venture plan of a particular nation. (Davidson, 2013) Money spares assists with raising GDP development of the nation. In the event that GDP will develop, at that point individuals living of standard will be raised continually. Gross domestic product is the image of nation development and improvement. Absence of sparing crushes the money related quality of the individuals. Further, non-money related difficulties are following beneath: Cost and time: This is noteworthy difficulties of the non-money related that influence monetary capacity. Without quote we can't pass judgment on monetary state of the association. (Ittner, Larcker, 2000) Absence of measurable unwavering quality: It is primary difficulties for non-money related that influences the monetary capacity of the association. (Ittner, Larcker, 2000) The money work adjusted the difficulties to serve better administration Surely, business collaborating, ability the executives, business knowledge, redistributing, benchmarking the arrangements put further to raise powerful back capacity. We feel that trust in choosing as well as can be expected be accomplished by just breaking down fund capacities. In this paper we recommend a model that assists directors with completing this examination. Our target of the work is to help account representatives and their counsels in their job of adding to firms achievement. To accomplish this goal, it required an expansive comprehension of account capacities. These sorts of understanding backings to director envision and adjust to change as they needed to create as powerful fund divisions. This paper additionally serves to supervisors connection between account exercises and inner strain and difficulties that looked by money workers. Developing our insight into account capacities is a present procedure that the model backings to encourage. Additionally, this model is a n intricate arrangement of interrelationships. We will comprehend the fund capacity and how it supports to firms achievement. Along these lines, this paper objective is to give a reasonable procedure and reference material. This gives guide and agenda to guarantee issues, logical and applicable exercises. In view of this chiefs can raise custom-made arrangement that suit own extraordinary conditions. Money work can possibly adjust difficulties in the association and assists with giving better administration quality in the association. Further, these are following fund work that will assist with clarifying how account work adjust difficulties to give better administration benefits that are portrayed underneath: Venture choice: The huge fund work is to assign cash-flow to log term resources. It is imperative to dispense capital in long haul resources in this manner to get greatest yield in future. It is likewise called as capital planning. It isn't just incorporates distributing capital yet in addition incorporates choice of utilizing supports that are gathered by resources that become less beneficial and productive. An open door cost of capital want to evaluate when you are dissolving like resources. The cut off rate is assessed by pace of return (RRR). Along these lines, its future isn't sure in light of the fact that there is parcel of issues in estimation of anticipated return. In this manner, they received two sorts of speculation choice that examination of new interest as far as benefit and correlation between new venture and winning speculation. Be that as it may, hazard factor assumes a significant job in the evaluating the normal return of the planned venture. Thus, when we acceptin g speculation choice, it is noteworthy to face both challenge included and anticipated return. Venture choice is useful to give better administration office in the point of view of fund work since it raise the individuals sparing and give appropriate rule to safe speculation for future life security. Without legitimate venture we cannot get great return in the particular time frame. Monetary choice: This is another huge capacity that a money related director must perform. It can take great choice about where, when and in what capacity should a business obtain reserves. The market estimation of the association will boost so ideal capital framework would be accomplished. Then again, value and obligation and there are assortment of apparatuses that are utilized in choosing an association capital structure. The blend of value and obligation is additionally called as the association capital structure. Monetary structure said that its intend to boost investors come back with lower hazard. Obligation and return of an investor is unsafe it might raise the arrival of value reserves. Without a decent budgetary choice, it is hard to development and improvement in the business. In any case, money related choice makes a director more grounded as contrast with other and it is useful to business succeed. In the event that supervisor will accept wrong choice just as fund concer n, at that point it would hurt association the executives system. Profit choice: Gain or positive return is a typical target of all the business. Be that as it may, the principle work a budgetary administrator acts in respect of benefit to choose to circulate all benefit to partner. Money related supervisors have rights to choose a most extreme profit strategy that expands the market estimation of the association. In this manner, greatest profit payout proportion is evaluated. It is ordinary standard to deliver yearly profits, if association gets benefit and other path is to give reward offer to existing investor. Through profit choice, fund work has attempted to adjust these difficulties to give better administration benefits in the association. Various organizations deliver distinctive profit plan to pull in their investor in the association. Notwithstanding, in some cases organizations deliver profit to draw in investor while they havent solid monetary condition however they reported profit plot. Profit can be declared based on half-yearly and y early. Surely, profit choice characterizes the grouping of procuring between held income and installments of investors. it is a plan that administration details in the point of view to profit for dispersion as profit inside investors. It is huge piece of current corporate world. Liquidity choice: This is huge to keep up a liquidity position of the association to maintain a strategic distance from chapter 11 or monetary condition. Firm liquidity, hazard and benefit are connected with the interest in present resources. Current resources m

Friday, August 21, 2020

How to Write an Introduction to an Essay

How to Write an Introduction to an EssayA question that has been asked a lot of times in an essay is how to write an introduction to an essay. I'll be honest, it does not take much time to think about it and then look for ways to answer the question that is posed. Although, there are very few questions that can really be answered without some type of understanding of the way sentences and paragraphs work.The purpose of an introduction to an essay is to make the reader want to continue reading through the entire body of the essay. Sometimes the opening paragraph will jump straight into the body or else we will have a bit of a gap between the two. When that happens it is the introduction that the reader should pay attention to and see what the main point is going to be.One thing that I would like to point out is that you should always be able to see where you should move into the body of the essay. If not, then I would recommend that you use a sub-introduction where you explain the rea son why you can't go any further in the first paragraph.Now, when writing an introduction to an essay, it is important that you remember to keep the introduction short. It should be less than five minutes long. You should also avoid using any fancy or complicated sentences because they are just going to show you do not know the language well enough.An example of an introduction is going to be sub-introduction and that is, basically an introduction that only shows off a small amount of information. By making a sub-introduction, you show off your knowledge on the topic. That's it!When writing an introduction, you want to include a couple of sentences that sum up what the entire introduction is about. What is the main idea? What is the idea behind the essay?I would recommend that you write an introduction to an essay that is able to give you the most out of the learning experience that you are going to have while writing it. If you are new to this type of essay, then you may want to av oid writing it because you don't know the language. It is better to write an introduction of five minutes than to write one of more than an hour because you really don't have enough knowledge about the topic to write a proper introduction.Finally, I'd like to mention that I wrote an essay when I was first getting started with this type of essay. And, as you can see from my experience in writing an introduction to an essay, it really is not hard to learn.

Tuesday, May 26, 2020

Personal Statement On Being A Teacher - 963 Words

What does it mean when someone tell you they want to be a future teacher? Some may think you’re making a mistake; saying teachers don’t make a lot of money or have terrible benefits. Being a future teacher to me isn t about the money or the benefits, it’s about the satisfaction of seeing a child learn something because of you. When someone tells you they want to be a future doctor it s because they want to help people, that’s exactly what a teacher does---helps people. Teachers are the stepping stones to any career you want to do, without teachers who would you look towards for guidance on how to do anything in life. Being a teacher is my goal in life and I intend on being the best that I can. My aspirations in life all revolve on becoming a teacher, everything I do is to further myself in obtaining my dream career. All I want to do is be the best teacher, show kids learning is fun and anything you set your mind to can be accomplished. All this started when I was little and would pretend to play school with my friends, we would all take turns being the teacher and when it came to me to play the teacher, it felt like I knew what I was doing, I felt I was in my element so I knew from then to now I always wanted to be a teacher. I explored other careers like pharmacology, nursing even becoming a neurologist but I always came back to teaching. I ve always lead myself to where I knew I needed to be, who I wanted to be, what I want to do thirty years from now. InfluentialShow MoreRelatedPersonal Statement : Being A Teacher Essay966 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal Statement Being a teacher is always my dream and since I only partially fulfilled it, now it’s time to resume my ideal after a twenty year break. I had my undergraduate study at the best teacher’s university in China, Beijing Normal University. After graduation, I taught computer class with labs to students and fellow teachers in a normal school in Beijing, I developed sets of teaching portfolio by class level respectively. Students and teachers enjoyed my class and I loved my job from myRead MoreAnalysis Of Lee Canter s Video The Power Of Mission 985 Words   |  4 PagesMission† (1993) he questions the initial motives that teachers had entering the field. Many teachers entering the field of education have a crystal clear view of what they want to accomplish. However, as time progresses teachers lose sight of what they wanted to do (Canter, 1993). They become bogged down by the demands of the job and life and have a hard time seeing the beauty in what they do. Canter offers a remedy for teachers all teachers, especially those who’ve lost touch with why they choseRead MoreTeacher Handbook Essays1546 Words   |  7 PagesTeachers Rights and Responsibilities Samantha Schroeder Grand Canyon University EDA 555 October 09, 2012 Teachers Rights and Responsibilities Deciding to be a school teacher does not mean one has to throw away their rights granted by the United States Constitution. Teachers are required to maintain moral and ethical behavior but their rights as citizens are not taken away. Teachers should understand that they are always teachers and role models whether they are in the classroom orRead MorePersonal Practical Theory ( Ppt ) Guidelines / Expectations997 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal Practical Theory (PPT) Guidelines/Expectations: This exercise is designed to determine your own Personal Practical Theories (PPTs). Please, complete all of the exercises in this activity with a great deal of thoughtfulness and honesty. This activity is to assist you in reflecting on your beliefs. First, write three to five statements that adequately explain your beliefs with respect to (each): The learner The learner is the one who makes teachers become better at what they do. TeachersRead MorePersonal Statement On Educational Leadership1423 Words   |  6 PagesWill Hardin 5040 Create a personal, professional mission statement summarizing philosophy, knowledge and skills of instructional supervision from which to guide future leadership actions. Assessment: Students will articulate a personal theory of instructional leadership and specify a personal, professional mission statement as a guide to socially responsible, ethical leadership behavior. Mission Statement â€Å"We are all in this together. Once we know that we are, we’re all stars and we see thatRead More The Relationship Be Between Teachers and Students Essay1414 Words   |  6 PagesThe Relationship Between Teachers and Students What should the relationship be, between students and teachers in the classroom? The answer to this question, I have found, has many different answers. Each teacher, in my opinion, has their set ways to teach, in which they believe is the right way . So no matter which answer you come up with, the person next to you might come up with a totally opposite answer. This explains why we ask this question in the first place. No one answer is exactlyRead MoreFreedom Of Speech By Ann Griffin924 Words   |  4 Pagessome cases. Teachers however use it just as much, and there have been quite a few court cases establishing what rights to free speech teachers have. Examining the pros and cons of this situation regarding Ann Griffin was dismissed based on concerns from a statement regarding African-Americans and how the court should rule in this case. In the first proof the argument for her dismissal on the basis that she would not be able to treat others fairly based on what she said. Secondly, being that she wouldRead MoreEffective Assessment Methods For Individuals And Groups Of Children784 Words   |  4 Pageschildren can be taken; teachers can set achievable targets and use a graduated approach. The graduated approach identifies four steps of action - assess, plan, do and review (DfE, 2014). Most importantly, the DfE (2014) agrees that â€Å"all agencies should work together to fulfil the needs of SEN learners working together with teachers, parents and schools and any other local authority involved†. One question that needs to be asked, however, is whether or not the â€Å"quality of the teacher contributes more toRead MoreThe Importance Of Teacher Quality And Promote Learning1728 Words   |  7 PagesThe purpose of teacher evaluations is to ensure teacher quality and to promote learning. The Framework for Teaching, by Charlotte Danielson, has effectively identified 4 domains reflecting the responsibilities of teachers. The domains of teacher responsibili ty outlined in this evaluation tool are: Planning and Preparation, The Classroom Environment, Instruction, and Professional Responsibilities. Within each of the 4 domains, there are descriptive elements exemplifying the characteristics of theRead MoreRhetorical Analysis OfIs College For Everyone?916 Words   |  4 Pagesto make the reader aware that she is passive and willing to make a plausible argument in her favor. As seen in the second paragraph when She states,†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ not every person should attend college†(635), the writer is able to make straightforward, blunt statements and continues to support them with facts that support her argument in a very favorable way. After this sentence, Pharinet proceeds by saying that approximately 50% of student who begin college never graduate, and how the financial and academic obligations

Friday, May 15, 2020

Personal Experience My Interest in Tigres - 855 Words

My interest in tigers started when I was a young child. As a child, my favorite movie was â€Å"Winnie the Pooh.† My favorite character, Tigger, is a confident tiger who thinks highly of himself. He is extremely energetic, constantly bouncing on his tail. He acts quickly without thinking sometimes, risking his life. As a matter of fact, for my first, second, and third birthdays my parents bought me a Winnie the Pooh theme cake. I wasn’t aware that several species of tigers were endangered until I started researching endangered species. As I was researching tigers, I came across the Sumatran tiger, an endangered tiger found only on the island of Sumatra, Indonesia. One threat this tiger is facing is habitat loss due to logging, mainly from the palm oil industry. Another threat is poachers hunting tigers for commercial gain. People sell and trade tiger parts such as skin, bones, teeth, etc. Because these threats are putting the tiger at risk, and in spite of the efforts o f the Sumatran Tiger Conservation Program and World Wildlife Fund, the Sumatran tigers are extremely vulnerable and chances of survival are slim. The Sumatran tiger was classified as critically endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature in 2008 when its population was estimated at fewer than 680 individuals (Vidal). The Sumatran tiger is only found on the Indonesian island of Sumatra. The Sumatran tiger is the only surviving member of a group of tigers from Indonesia that included the now

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Analysis Of Coca Cola And Coco Frio By Martin Espada

American Consumerism in â€Å"Coca-Cola and Coco Frà ­o† by Martà ­n Espada In today’s world, every person in every country has a similar image in mind when they think of the United States. Common words that come to mind are ideal, lazy, superior, and consumer. These words are associated with the United States due to American consumerism, or the practice of an increasing consumption of goods. In Martà ­n Espada’s â€Å"Coca-Cola and Coco Frà ­o,† he criticizes American consumerism by relating the people of Puerto Rico to ignorance due to the level of power the United States has over them. American consumerism is dangerous because it not only influences people worldwide, but also makes people forget about all of the wonderful aspects about where they live. In â€Å"Coca-Cola and Coco Frà ­o† the fat boy symbolizes American consumerism. Right at the beginning of the poem Espada introduces this relation when he says â€Å"the fat boy wander[s] fr om table to table with his mouth open.† Key terms in the sentence that relate to American consumerism are â€Å"fat boy† and â€Å"mouth open.† These terms relate because they express the idea of openness and over-consumption. Another image that Espada provides to connect the boy and American consumerism is when he says the boy â€Å"drool[s] coconut milk down his chin.† Instead of savoring the coco frà ­o, the boy eagerly â€Å"tilt[s] the green shell overhead† and consumes it as fast as possible, mimicking the way Americans consume everything. While Espada focuses on consumption, heShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Poem Coca Cola And Coco Frio By Martin Espada1569 Words   |  7 Pagescultural trends, beliefs and customs spread quickly from one culture to another. In his poem, â€Å"Coca-Cola and Coco Frio,† Martin Espada provides his readers with a great example of cultural diffusion that a boy encounters when he visits his native countr y, Puerto Rico. The â€Å"fat boy† mentioned in the poem is none other than Martin Espada himself (3). By sharing his childhood experience in Puerto Rico, Espada tries to prove that acceptance of other cultures can have a negative impact as people incline

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Cultural Healthcare Practices of Hispanic free essay sample

The United States is comprised of many cultures within a culture. America is composed of a variety of people who all have different beliefs and traditions, as well as their own unique set of beliefs regarding their healthcare practices. One such group is the Hispanic Americans who have their own very diverse cultural group. As individuals, they are just like anybody else in any other culture. However, it is worthwhile for a nurse caring for someone from this culture to know what their distinct cultural beliefs are. People belonging to a Hispanic cultural group are highly attached to the beliefs and values of their culture and follow them in every aspect of their life (Gallo, 2003). Interestingly, their cultural beliefs even influence the decisions related to their healthcare. Hence, this is the reason why in order to meet their patient’s cultural needs, it’s important for people working in the nursing profession to understand the cultural values, traditions and practices related to the aspect of health and medical care during life transitions. We will write a custom essay sample on Cultural Healthcare Practices of Hispanic or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The viewpoint of the Hispanic cultures healthcare practices will be presented through the lens of the Giger and Davidhizar Transcultural Assessment Model, in order to define a deeper understanding of their beliefs. Giger and Davidhizar’s Transcultural Assessment Model According to Giger and Davidhizar’s Transcultural Assessment Model (GDTAM) (1999), â€Å"culture guides our thinking, doing, and being and becomes patterned expressions of who we are, and is passed down from generation to generation† (p. ). GDTAM is a very broad and in depth model, and provides nursing students with an understanding about the important role in which the knowledge of culture plays in the nursing profession (Giger Davidhizar, 1999). The five metaparadigms of the GDTAM are â€Å"culturally diverse nursing care, culturally competent care, culturally unique individuals, culturally sensitive environment and health and health status based on culturally specific illness and wellness behav ior† (Giger Davidhizar, 1999, p. 6). Within the culturally diverse nursing care metaparadigm, the six cultural phenomena exist; they include â€Å"communication, space, social organization, time, environmental control, and biological variations† (Giger Davidhizar, 1999, p. 7). Each individual has their own cultural uniqueness and these six cultural phenomena can be used to assess people based on their differences. Within the next few paragraphs insight will be provided on how the six cultural phenomena come into play when working the Hispanic culture. Communication Communication within the Hispanic culture involves personalismo and respeto. Personalismo can be described as the need for a close relationship between the patient and the healthcare provider; this can be as simple as â€Å"asking about the patient’s family and interests† before proceeding with medical care (Galanti, 2008, p33). When the healthcare provider takes the time to form this relationship with the patient, the patient will have more respect for and be more likely to follow the recommendations of the provider (Galanti, 2008).

Monday, April 13, 2020

E-Tivity Essay Example

E-Tivity Paper Name: Tutor: Course: Date: We will write a custom essay sample on E-Tivity specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on E-Tivity specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on E-Tivity specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer E-Tivity Introduction From the changing American family video, I watched six chapters of it and learnt several issues that are facing modern families and changing trends. From all of them, it was clear that family is changing from the normal father, mother and children setting to include other types of families such as same sex families, single families and step families. All this is due to the changing culture within America. Some of the chapters that I watched include, introduction, panel introduction, unique US family patterns, importance of stability for children, the way marriage is valued and the gay marriages. Interesting issues from chapters watched In chapter one, Introduction, I learnt that families patterns are changing rapidly in America. The family has become an object of significant social value as well as occasion sentiment. It is also capable of generating intense motions and political loyalty, sexuality and motherhood amongst others. Additionally, marriages are declining while divorce rates are on the rise. Such issues are changing the meaning of gender and sexuality and marriage, as well. In the second chapter, panel introduction, the invited panel members are introduced. Each of their credibility, as well as their works is addressed not forgetting the issues required. In the third chapter, I learnt that the United Sates is highly distinctive compared to other developed countries in the world, in terms of family values. One of the unique patterns about families in United States is a fact that people have many partners in their lives than any other country. It is not surprising that children see several partners of their parents coming and going. Relationships, especially co-habiting, starts very quickly and ends quickly, as well. After a break up, people seek other relationships very quickly. This is caused by a high value in individualism, as well as a high value for marriage that see people seeking it more often than in any other country. The fourth chapter looks into the importance for stability for children. One learns that children do not have a choice when it comes to relationships of their parents. Stability is crucial for child development. For people with children, getting into another relationship should take some time in order to allow t he children to adjust and have a stable family. Before bringing in another partner, one should be sure that the person would be good for the child. Chapter 5, the way marriage is valued, is about how marriage is valued in the United States. The truth is that marriage is valued as a status symbol in where people view it as a way to show they have a successful life. Chapter 13, Gay marriage, further shows how much marriage is valued. It is in the United States that most activist activities in support of gay marriage have been experienced. Gay couples are seeking civil recognition in order to marry. This shows that Americans, whether straight or homosexual, highly value marriage. Multiple-choice question on chapter 1, introduction Which of the following is not among the changing patterns of families in United States? a). Single families are on the rise b). The divorce rate is on the rise in the United States than any other developed country c). Same sex families have continued to rise d). Marriages are lasting longer than before Essay Question Why do people in the united states have more partners than any other country? United states has seen the most issues in marriages, families and relationships. It is no surprise that a person can have several relationships in a short period such as more than one or two relationships in one year. One of the main reasons is the amount of value places on marriage as well as relationships or having a partner. In united states, people have a high value for relationships than any other country. Therefore, no one wants to be without a partner for long. On the other hand, it becomes hard to maintain a relationship because of the high value on individualism. Americans determine a relationship in terms of how much individual value it adds to their life. Thus, when it does not break up comes. Therefore, individualism and high value on marriage causes Americans to have several relationships over short periods.

Wednesday, March 11, 2020

The History of How Dogs Were Domesticated

The History of How Dogs Were Domesticated The history of dog domestication is that of an ancient partnership between dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) and humans. That partnership was likely originally based on a human need for help with herding and hunting, for an early alarm system, and for a source of food in addition to the companionship many of us today know and love. In return, dogs received companionship, protection, shelter, and a reliable food source. But when this partnership first occurred is still under some debate. Dog history has been studied recently using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which suggests that wolves and dogs split into different species around 100,000 years ago. Although mtDNA analysis has shed some light on the domestication event(s) which may have occurred between 40,000 and 20,000 years ago, researchers are not agreed on the results. Some analyses suggest that the original domestication location of dog domestication was in East Asia; others that the middle east was the original location of domestication; and still others that later domestication took place in Europe. What the genetic data has shown to date is that the history of dogs is as intricate as that of the people they lived alongside, lending support to the long depth of the partnership, but complicating origin theories. Two Domestications In 2016, a research team led by bioarchaeologist Greger Larson (Frantz et al. cited below) published mtDNA evidence for two places of origin for domestic dogs: one in Eastern Eurasia and one in Western Eurasia. According to that analysis, ancient Asian dogs originated from a domestication event from Asian wolves at least 12,500 years ago; while European Paleolithic dogs originated from an independent domestication event from European wolves at least 15,000 years ago. Then, says the report, at sometime before the Neolithic period (at least 6,400 years ago), Asian dogs were transported by humans to Europe where they displaced European Paleolithic dogs. That would explain why earlier DNA studies reported that all modern dogs were descended from one domestication event, and also the existence of evidence of two domestication event from two different far-flung locations. There were two populations of dogs in the Paleolithic, goes the hypothesis, but one of them- the European Paleolithic dog- is now extinct. A lot of questions remain: there are no ancient American dogs included in most of the data, and Frantz et al. suggest that the two progenitor species were descended from the same initial wolf population and both are now extinct. However, other scholars (Botiguà © and colleagues, cited below) have investigated and found evidence to support migration event(s) across the central Asia steppe region, but not for a complete replacement. They were unable to rule out Europe as the original domestication location. The Data: Early Domesticated Dogs The earliest confirmed domestic dog anywhere so far is from a burial site in Germany called Bonn-Oberkassel, which has joint human and dog interments dated to 14,000 years ago. The earliest confirmed domesticated dog in China was found in the early Neolithic (7000–5800 BCE) Jiahu site in Henan Province. Evidence for co-existence of dogs and humans, but not necessarily domestication, comes from Upper Paleolithic sites in Europe. These hold evidence for dog interaction with humans and include  Goyet Cave  in Belgium,  Chauvet  cave in France, and  Predmosti in the Czech Republic. European Mesolithic sites like Skateholm (5250–3700 BC) in Sweden have dog burials, proving the value of the furry beasts to hunter-gatherer settlements. Danger Cave in Utah is currently the earliest case of dog burial in the Americas, at about 11,000 years ago, likely a descendant of Asian dogs. Continued interbreeding with wolves, a characteristic found throughout the life history of dogs everywhere, has apparently resulted in the hybrid black wolf found in the Americas. Black fur coloration is a dog characteristic, not originally found in wolves. Dogs as Persons Some studies of dog burials dated to the Late Mesolithic-Early Neolithic Kitoi period in the Cis-Baikal region of Siberia suggests that in some cases, dogs were awarded person-hood and treated equally to fellow humans. A dog burial at the Shamanaka site was a male, middle-aged dog which had suffered injuries to its spine, injuries from which it recovered. The burial, radiocarbon dated to ~6,200 years ago (cal BP), was interred in a formal cemetery, and in a similar manner to the humans within that cemetery. The dog may well have lived as a family member. A wolf burial at the Lokomotiv-Raisovet cemetery (~7,300 cal BP) was also an older adult male. The wolfs diet (from stable isotope analysis) was made up of deer, not grain, and although its teeth were worn, there is no direct evidence that this wolf was part of the community. Nevertheless, it too was buried in a formal cemetery. These burials are exceptions, but not that rare: there are others, but there is also is evidence that fisher-hunters in Baikal consumed dogs and wolves, as their burned and fragmented bones appear in refuse pits. Archaeologist Robert Losey and associates, who conducted this study, suggest that these are indications that Kitoi hunter-gatherers considered that at least these individual dogs were persons. Modern Breeds and Ancient Origins Evidence for the appearance of breed variation is found in several European Upper Paleolithic sites. Medium-sized dogs (with wither heights between 45–60 cm) have been identified in Natufian sites in the Near East dated to ~15,500-11,000 cal BP). Medium to large dogs (wither heights above 60 cm) have been identified in Germany (Kniegrotte), Russia (Eliseevichi I), and Ukraine (Mezin), ~17,000-13,000 cal BP). Small dogs (wither heights under 45 cm) have been identified in Germany (Oberkassel, Teufelsbrucke, and Oelknitz), Switzerland (Hauterive-Champreveyres), France (Saint-Thibaud-de-Couz, Pont dAmbon) and Spain (Erralia) between ~15,000-12,300 cal BP. See the investigations by archaeologist Maud Pionnier-Capitan and associates for more information. A recent study of pieces of DNA called SNPs (single-nucleotide polymorphism) which have been identified as markers for modern dog breeds and published in 2012 (Larson et al) comes to some surprising conclusions: that despite the clear evidence for marked size differentiation in very early dogs (e.g., small, medium and large dogs found at Svaerdborg), this has nothing to do with current dog breeds. The oldest modern dog breeds are no more than 500 years old, and most date only from ~150 years ago. Theories of Modern Breed Origination Scholars now agree that most of the dog breeds we see today are recent developments. However, the astounding variation in dogs is a relic of their ancient and varied domestication processes. Breeds vary in size from the one pound (.5 kilogram) teacup poodles to giant mastiffs weighing over 200 lbs (90 kg). In addition, breeds have different limb, body, and skull proportions, and they also vary in abilities, with some breeds developed with special skills such as herding, retrieving, scent detection, and guiding. That may be because domestication occurred while humans were all hunter-gatherers at the time, leading extensively migrant lifeways. Dogs spread with them, and thus so for a while dog and human populations developed in geographic isolation for a time. Eventually, however, human population growth and trade networks meant people reconnected, and that, say scholars, led to the genetic admixture in the dog population. When dog breeds began to be actively developed about 500 years ago, they were created out of a fairly homogenous gene pool, from dogs with mixed genetic heritages which had been developed in widely disparate locations. Since the creation of kennel clubs, breeding has been selective: but even that was disrupted by World Wars I and II, when breeding populations all over the world were decimated or went extinct. Dog breeders have since reestablished such breeds using a handful of individuals or combining similar breeds. Sources Botiguà © LR, Song S, Scheu A, Gopalan S, Pendleton AL, Oetjens M, Taravella AM, Seregà ©ly T, Zeeb-Lanz A, Arbogast R-M et al. 2017. Ancient European dog genomes reveal continuity since the Early Neolithic. Nature Communications 8:16082.Frantz LAF, Mullin VE, Pionnier-Capitan M, Lebrasseur O, Ollivier M, Perri A, Linderholm A, Mattiangeli V, Teasdale MD, Dimopoulos EA et al. 2016. Genomic and archaeological evidence suggests a dual origin of domestic dogs. Science 352(6293):1228–1231.Freedman AH, Lohmueller KE, and Wayne RK. 2016. Evolutionary History, Selective Sweeps, and Deleterious Variation in the Dog. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 47(1):73–96.Geiger M, Evin A, Snchez-Villagra MR, Gascho D, Mainini C, and Zollikofer CPE. 2017. Neomorphosis and heterochrony of skull shape in dog domestication. Scientific Reports 7(1):13443.Perri A. 2016. A wolf in dogs clothing: Initial dog domestication and Pleistocene wolf variation. Journal of Archaeolog ical Science 68(Supplement C):1–4. Wang G-D, Zhai W, Yang H-C, Wang L, Zhong L, Liu Y-H, Fan R-X, Yin T-T, Zhu C-L, Poyarkov AD et al. 2015. Out of southern East Asia: the natural history of domestic dogs across the world. Cell Research 26:21.

Sunday, February 23, 2020

Communication Direction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Communication Direction - Essay Example Take an example where a criminal described his case to an advocate who intern advices the subject on what to say in court or what to leave out. The convict may also query the advocate awaiting response on a certain issue. This form of communication always has feedback as one of its entities unlike its counterpart, from both the recipient to the sender and letting the sender understand that the message was received accurately. A restricted two-way communication involves oral response without the use of target language. Nonverbal responses such as nodding may also be seen here. For instance, the judge may ask the convict, ‘nod if you understand †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ A full-two-way restricted communication, the respondent uses the target language. Both parties are involved in verbal messages. The following comparison and contrast of both the one and two-way communications are backed by several empirical research, urging emphasis on the benefits of accepting one-way is crucial in startin g a conversation before realization of a two-way communication producing the target language just before this introduction (Rai, 2009). The benefits of one way communication is that where the sender is not bothered, both can continue with their task without fear of failure. As for its disadvantage, the one-way communication is that the receiving parties cannot air their opinion (Rai & Rai, 2009). The one way communication does not offer room for expression. It is somehow meant to deliver information rather than attain a response. The entities here are the sender and the receiver only, leaving a weak room for feedback. There are disadvantages around the two-way communication, the sender encounters constant bothers and is required to entirely focus on the recipients’ needs over their own (Agarwal, 2010). This is termed as a bother to most senders, engulfed in this study of the corrections department, given that different individuals have

Friday, February 7, 2020

SMITHFIELD STREET BRIDGE (PA) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

SMITHFIELD STREET BRIDGE (PA) - Research Paper Example Pittsburgh’s huge need for bridges presented a good opportunity for the engineers to showcase their knowledge and talent .The only form of transport within the town and some sections of the river banks in the early 19th century was the use of skiffs or canoes. As the community developed people realized that it was mandatory to build a ferry service and in 1818 the Jone’s Ferry service was established, in order to improve their business oriented culture. The ferry operated between southern bank of Monongahela and the base of Liberty Street. Stock and goods were carried by boats while passengers were carried by skiffs. In 1840, a more advanced horse ferry was developed which used blind horses as motive power. The blind horses were fitted in horizontal wheels when then propelled the boats (Von 77). A few years later a steam ferry was established by Captain Erwin on the southern bank of Ohio near the section where the rivers formed a confluence. Sadly, the ferry project col lapsed a few years later together with the Jones ferry project.Leaving just one operational steam ferry which operated from Penn Street to Saw Mill Run.The essay will deal with the three bridges elected at the Smithfield Street and how their construction revolutionized the bridge construction technology in the 19th century when civilization was developing at a remarkable speed The first bridge among the Pittsburghs highway bridges was known as the Monongahela Bridge. A bill was passed In Pennsylvania by the state legislative council allowing two bridges to be built at Pittsburg. One would be built over the Allegheny and the other one over Monongahela. Judge Findley, a member of the legislative council was given the task of calculating the overall cost of the structures. His calculations indicated that approximately 1200 feet of the river required chains that were 1590 feet long and four other iron chains weighing 64

Wednesday, January 29, 2020

The collapse of Enron Essay Example for Free

The collapse of Enron Essay The collapse of Enron seems to be rooted in a combination of the failure of top leadership, a corporate culture that supported unethical behavior, and the complicity of the investment banking community. In the aftermath of Enron’s bankruptcy filing, numerous Enron executives were charged with criminal acts, including fraud, money laundering, and insider trading. Ben Glisan, Enron’s former treasurer, was charged with two-dozen counts of money laundering, fraud, and conspiracy. During the plea negotiations, Glisan described Enron as a â€Å"house of cards. † Andrew Fastow, Jeff Skilling, and Ken Lay are among the most notable top-level executives implicated in the collapse of Enron’s â€Å"house of cards. † Andrew Fastow, former Enron chief financial officer (CFO), faced 98 counts of money laundering, fraud, and conspiracy in connection with the improper partnerships he ran, which included a Brazilian power plant project and a Nigerian power plant project that was aided by Merrill Lynch, an investment banking firm. 2. How did the top leadership at Enron undermine the foundation values of the Enron Code of Ethics? Enron’s ethics code was based on respect, integrity, communication, and excellence. Kenneth Lay, former chairman and (CEO) of Enron Corp. , once quoted as saying: â€Å"I was fully exposed to not only legal behavior but moral and ethical behavior and what that means from the standpoint of leading organizations and people. † In an introductory statement to the revised Enron Code of Ethics issued in July 2000, Lay wrote: â€Å"As officers and employees of Enron Corp. Its subsidiaries, and its affiliated companies, we are responsible for conducting the business affairs of the companies in accordance with all applicable laws and in a moral and honest manner. † Lay went on to indicate that the 64-page Enron Code of Ethics reflected policies approved by the company’s board of directors and that the company, which enjoyed a reputation for being fair and honest, was highly respected. Enron’s ethics code also specified that â€Å"An employee shall not conduct himself or herself in a manner which directly or indirectly would be detrimental to the best interests of the Company or in a manner which would  bring to the employee financial gain separately derived as a direct consequence of his or her employment with the Company. † 3. How did Enron’s corporate culture promote unethical decisions and actions? Enron has been described as having a culture of arrogance that led people to believe that they could handle increasingly greater risk without encountering any danger. According to Sherron Watkins, â€Å"Enron’s unspoken message was, ‘Make the numbers, make the numbers, make the numbers—if you steal, if you cheat, just don’t get caught. If you do, beg for a second chance, and you’ll get one. ’† Enron’s corporate culture did little to promote the values of respect and integrity. These values were undermined through the company’s emphasis on decentralization, its employee performance appraisals, and its compensation program. Each Enron division and business unit was kept separate from the others, and as a result very few people in the organization had a â€Å"big picture† perspective of the company’s operations. Accompanying this emphasis on decentralization were insufficient operational and financial controls as well as â€Å"a distracted, hands-off chairman, a compliant board of directors, and an impotent staff of accountants, auditors, and lawyers. † Jeff Skilling implemented a very rigorous and threatening performance evaluation process for all Enron employees. Known as â€Å"rank and yank,† the annual process utilized peer evaluations, and each of the company’s divisions was arbitrarily forced to fire the lowest ranking one-fifth of its employees. Employees frequently ranked their peers lower in order to enhance their own positions in the company. Enron’s compensation plan â€Å"seemed oriented toward enriching executives rather than generating profits for shareholders† and encouraged people to break rules and inflate the value of contracts even though no actual cash was generated. Enron’s bonus program encouraged the use of non-standard accounting practices and the inflated valuation of deals on the company’s books. Indeed, deal inflation became widespread within the company as partnerships were created solely to hide losses and avoid the consequences of owning up to problems. (p29-31) Weiss, Joseph W. (2009). Business Ethics: A Stakeholders Issues Management Approach

Tuesday, January 21, 2020

El Nino :: essays papers

El Nino This morning, before writing this essay, I spent a considerable amount of time watering my wilting garden. Meanwhile, the New York Yankees have been rained out for their third consecutive game. And out in California? Rain, no rain, rain, no rain... Why are we suffering such severe weather this summer? In case you have not heard, we are experiencing a weather phenomenon called El Nino. What is El Nino, and How Long Will This Last? According to Michael McPhaden, director of the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean Array, an El Nino is born when west-blowing Pacific trade winds relax or reverse. Without the wind at its back, seawater that typically piles up on the jagged western edge of the Pacific -- around Indonesia, the Philippines and Australia -- slides back toward the Americas. The sliding water moves in what scientists call Kelvin waves. "It pushes the cold water down. That causes the initial warming," said McPhaden. At the same time, the Pacific reacts to the lost wind by building another series of waves under water. Called , they roll west toward Indonesia, the Philippines and Australia. Eventually, the series of waves strikes the coasts of those countries. Then, it reverses and heads back toward South America, traveling along the equator. "As it passes," McPhaden said, "it leaves cold water closer to the surface." El Nino normally occurs around Christmas and usually last for a few weeks to a few months. Sometimes an extremely warm event can develop that last for much longer time periods. A strong El Nino developed in 1991 and lasted until 1995. We are apparently experiencing one of these stronger El Ninos, as this one has lasted for nearly six months . But how long will this last? And then what? The Onset of La Nina After an El Nino event, weather conditions usually return to normal. However, in some years the trade winds can become extremely strong and an abnormal accumulation of cold water can occur in the central and eastern Pacific. This event is called La Nina. Where El Nino refers to a body of unusually warm water astride the equator by South America, La Nina describes a sea that's abnormally cool. Two independent computer models that forecast El Nino see on the horizon a pronounced cooling of the same area of the Pacific. Sometimes, the cold water is just enough to return ocean temperatures to normal. Not always. "Sometimes, it overshoots," McPhaden said. "That would bring a La Nina after El Nino." "The models say . . . there will be a cold effect sometime next year --

Monday, January 13, 2020

Pros and Cons of Genetically Modified Foods Essay

Our ancestors first cultivated plants some ten thousand years ago. They domesticated animals later and then selectively bred both plants and animals to meet various requirements for human food. Humans discovered natural biological processes such as fermentation of fruits and grains to make wine and beer, and yeast for baking bread. Manipulation of foods is not a new story, therefore. The latest agricultural discovery uses genetic engineering technology to modify foods. Farmers and plant breeders have been changing crop plants to improve characteristics such as size, resistance to disease and taste. Plants which grow well, have a higher yield or taste better are selected and bred from. This is still the most widely used technique for developing new varieties of a crop, and is limited by natural barriers which stop different species of organisms from breeding with each other. Genetic modification is very different to these traditional plant breeding techniques. Genetic modification is the insertion of DNA from one organism to another, usually by molecular technologies. Genetically Modified Foods (GMF) are animals or plants that have had genetic modification. This changes the characteristics of the organism, or the way it grows and develops. Jim Maryanski from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, had the following to say in an interview published on the FDA’s website. “There are hundreds of new plant varieties introduced every year in the United States, and all have been genetically modified through traditional plant breeding techniques–such as cross-fertilization of selected plants–to produce desired traits.” (Robin)Current and future GM products include:a)Food that can deliver vaccines – bananas that produce hepatitis B vaccineb)More nutritious foods – rice with increased iron and vitaminsc)Faster growing fish, fruit and nut treesd)Plants producing new plasticsIn so many respects, genetic modification is perfect for today’s society. It would help agriculturalists overcome all headaches associated with growing large crops, and basically tailor the food growth industry to mass consumption by the general population. The famous frost-resistant tomato example is perfect in illustrating this point. With a tomato that  resists frost, the season for growing them would be longer and therefore a farmer would be able to produce more tomatoes in one year than they were able to do in the past. Gene technology not only gives us the potential to select the exact characteristics we want in an organism, but it also enables us to cross species barriers. For example, we can take an insecticide-producing gene from a bacterium and insert it into a plant, making the plant resistant to insect attack. This new-found ability to cross species barriers is what makes gene technology such a powerful tool. Producing enough food for the world’s population without using up all the available land is an enormous challenge. One solution is to develop crops that yield more with fewer inputs; that are more resistant to diseases; that spoil less during storage and transport; that contain more useful nutrients; and that can grow in agricultural land that has been degraded. Gene technology gives us the potential to do this. Genetically modified foods have been available since the 1990s. The principal ingredients of GM foods currently available are derived from genetically modified soybean, maize and canola. The first commercially grown genetically modified food crop was a tomato created by Calgene called the FlavrSavr. Calgene submitted it to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for assessment in 1992; following the FDA’s determination that the FlavrSavr was, in fact, a tomato, did not constitute a health hazard, and did not need to be labeled to indicate it was genetically modified, Calgene released it into the market in 1994, where it met with little public comment. Considered to have a poor flavor, it never sold well and was off the market by 1997. However, it had improved solids contents which made it an attractive new variety for canned tomatoes. Transgenic crops are grown commercially or in field trials in over 40 countries and on 6 continents. In 2000, about 109.2 million acres (442,000 km ²) were planted with transgenic crops, the principal ones being herbicide- and insecticide-resistant soybeans, corn, cotton, and canola. Other crops grown commercially or field-tested are a sweet potato resistant to a US strain of a virus that affects one out of the more than 89 different varieties of sweet potato grown in Africa, rice with increased iron and  vitamins such as golden rice, and a variety of plants able to survive extreme weather. Between 1996 and 2001, the total surface area of land cultivated with GMOs had increased by a factor of 30, from 17,000 km ² (4.2 million acres) to 520,000 km ² (128 million acres). The value for 2002 was 145 million acres (587,000 km ²) and for 2003 was 167 million acres (676,000 km ²). Soybean crop represented 63% of total surface in 2001, maize 19%, cotton 13% and canola 5%. In 2004, the value was about 200 million acres (809,000 km ²) of which 2/3 were in the United States. In particular, Bt corn is widely grown, as are soybeans genetically designed to tolerate glyphosate herbicides. Future applications of GMOs include bananas that produce human vaccines against infectious diseases such as Hepatitis B, fish that mature more quickly, fruit and nut trees that yield years earlier, and plants that produce new plastics with unique properties. The next decade will see exponential progress in GM product development as researchers gain increasing and unprecedented access to genomic resources that are applicable to organisms beyond the scope of individual projects. Biologist Stephen Nottingham explains the risks of GMF:“Experimental trials with transgenic organisms are usually conducted strict regulations to minimize the potential spread of genetic materialÂ…Even given these regulations, however, no field trial can be said to be 100% secure. This was illustrated when flooding struck the American Midwest in July 1993 and an entire field of experimental insect-resistant maize was swept away in Iowa. Â…once released accidentally into the environment, plant material may prove difficult to recover. (Bragi)Unique ecological risks have been associated with virus-resistant transgenic crop plantsÂ…leaving crops more vulnerable to virus attack and risking the spread of virus susceptibility to other plants. Genetically modified foods are unlikely to present direct risks to human health. There are two main areas of concern:a)The possibility of allergic reactions to genetically modified foods, andb)The possibility that bacteria living in the human gut may acquire resistance to antibiotics from marker  genes present in transgenic plants. Proponents claim that a genetically-modified potato is as safe as one modified the old-fashioned way, through generations of selective breeding; biotechnology just gets the job done more quickly. Critics are concerned that mixing together genetic material from different species might produce unexpected allergic reactions in the person who eats or drinks it. For instance, if an individual consumer who is allergic to broccoli eats a banana that just happens to have a little broccoli DNA under the peel, that person might get sick. Some studies on animals indicate that consuming genetically-modified foods may cause allergic responses, compromise immune systems and inhibit organ growth, although no proven cases of widespread reactions have been definitively documented. Opponents of biotech foods want other questions answered, as well. Will re-engineering a plant or animal to serve a specific end, such as improving taste, decrease its nutritional value? Will consuming genetically-modified food products make a person more resistant to antibiotics, which are widely used to treat bacterial infections? Does consuming milk or meat from livestock that has been injected with growth hormones (a form of biotechnology that is different from genetic modification) subject consumers to early puberty, cancer, and other ailments?Since neither side has been able to provide definitive answers, the jury is still out on food safety; after all, genetic technology itself is barely decades old. So one can condense the issue into a single question: should we move forward with new technologies that might help provide higher crop yields, new and interesting types of food products, and more profits for the companies that own the technology; or play it safe and wait until we better understand the health and environmental consequences of manipulating life forms that took generations to develop?Multinational Corporations benefit because GMF can be very profitable. GMF have taken hold quickly because multinational corporations with the resources to make large financial investments in research and development can profit directly. Multinational companies can spread out the benefit and profit to many branches of their businesses. Many such corporations combine the following: an agrochemical company, a seed  company, a pharmaceutical company, a food processing company and sometimes businesses involved with veterinary products. Developments in one part of the corporation can be used t o sell products in another branch. Farmers benefit in the short term because they can grow and sell more crops with fewer problems due to weeds, pests, fungi or frost. The genetically modified seed is designed to resist these traditional enemies. Food processing companies benefit from a ready supply of raw food ingredients designed for specific processing needs. Genetically modified tomatoes and potatoes, for instance, have higher solid contents and yield more sauces and French fries. These foods take longer to ripen and rot. Thus less food is spoiled and more gets processed. Supermarkets benefit for the same reasons. The fresh produce lasts longer on the shelves and is more profitable. Consumers, to date, haven’t benefited. GMF have been developed for the convenience of the producer and processor. Yet they cost more to produce and the costs get passed along to the consumer. Eventually there will be some kind of designer novelty foods for shoppers to try. Nottingham adds that there are many other concerns including ethical questions involving animal welfare, whether DNA is actual life, and intellectual property rights and genetic resources from the Third World. (Bragi)The world’s poorest nations account for around 95.7% of the world’s genetic resources. Traditional farming practices involve farmers retaining seeds, from the harvest of one year’s crop, for planting in the following year. This practice saves money on buying seed and in itself represents a continuous selection for yield and resistance to pests and diseases. However, with genetically modified seed, royalties are payable to the companies holding the patent for the seed. Under world trade agreement rulings, farmers have to make substantial royalty payments to multinational companies if they keep seed for replanting, even if the crop happens to be native to their particular country. Genetic engineering is a valuable new technology that can develop more plentiful and nutritious foods, with great potential benefits for humanity and the environment, and this new scientific discovery needs to be implemented as quickly as possible for humanitarian reasons. As with every new scientific technology, harmful side effects of genetic engineering are inevitable and great care should be taken in its implementation, including carefully controlled long-term tests on human health and environmental impacts. All genetically engineered foods have been thoroughly tested and demonstrated to be safe before they are released into the marketplace. However, this testing is typically conducted only on rats and other animals, by the companies involved. Very little of this research has been reviewed by independent scientists and then published in scientific journals. Genetically engineered foods are usually â€Å"substantially equivalent† to other foods, with no increased risk to human health, and no need for the lengthy and expensive human testing demanded of, for example, new food additives. However, the unpredictable disruptions in normal DNA functioning caused by genetic engineering can produce unanticipated and unknown side effects for human health, including unknown and unpredictable toxins and allergens, and these possibilities can only be definitively assessed through human testing. Genetic engineering is a scientific and technological process, and its evaluation and governmental regulation should be based on purely scientific and objective criteria. To have a purely scientific evaluation of genetically engineered foods, we need more science, especially human studies and environmental studies. Moreover, purely scientific assessment of genetic engineering ignores the fact that, for many people, food has cultural, ethical and religious dimensions that must also be considered. Alan McHughen, author of Pandora’s Picnic Basket: The Potential and Hazards of Genetically Modified Foods, in the introduction he states:†Make no mistake: I am in favor of an orderly and appropriately regulated introduction of some GMOs into the environment and marketplace, and I  adamantly oppose others. There are good reasons to ban certain products of genetic technology, and good reasons to allow, with management, certain others; some may require no extraordinary regulation at all. If your opinion differs from mine after reading this book, I hope you will be able to justify, if only to yourself, why we disagree. My philosophy is to be skeptical, be critical, even cynical of claims by business interests, government agencies, and activist groups. But also keep an open mind and then decide for yourself.† (Internet 7)ThereÂ’s no doubt that the GM food supply should be closely monitored and regulated, but that doesnÂ’t mean it should all be banned. I believe that genetic engineering of plants, animals, and humans has much to offer as long as we are aware of potential benefits and side effects. And thatÂ’s true even for more traditional methods of farming, animal husbandry, and medicine. Work Sited: 1.Cummings, Michael R., and Williams S. Klug. Concepts of Genetics. New Delhi: Pearson Education, 2004. 2.Dubey, R.C. A Textbook of Biotechnology. New Delhi: S. Chand, 20063.Kumar, H.D. Modern Concepts of Biotechnology. New Delhi: Vikash Publishing House, 20034.Purohit, S. Agricultural Biotechnology. India: Agrobios, 20055.Purohit, S. Biotechnology: Fundamental and Applications. India: Agrobios, 2004Internet Reference:1.Bragi, David. “Food Savior Or Frankenfood? The Debate Over Genetically Modified Foods”. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/gate/archive/2001/06/25/healthwatch.DTL2.Robbin, Adria. “What Are We Eating?” http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/biology/b103/f00/web1/robbin.html3.Schultz, Norman. http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/fact_finding_limits/4.Wikipedia Online Encyclopedia. http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/genetic_engineering5.Wikipedia Online Encyclopedia. http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/genetically_modified_food6.“Genetic Engineering: The Controversy”. http://www.genetic-id.com/prosncons/index.htm7.http://www.foodmuseum.com/issues.html

Saturday, January 4, 2020

Game Theory - 1654 Words

PS II 2013 Problem Set II 1. Reading newspapers: A survey on student behavior in some major B-schools in India asked a randomly selected group of 240 students on the number of hours a week he/she reads a newspaper. The sample mean was 4.1 and standard deviation 3. We can assume that the underlying distribution (of number of hrs reading newspaper) is approximately normal. a) What will be a 99% confidence interval of the population mean (number of hours a B-school student read newspapers/week)? b) Suppose you perform a similar survey at IIMA with 24 randomly selected students; the sample mean and the sample standard deviation were 4.5 and 2.8 respectively. What will be a 99% confidence interval of the population mean†¦show more content†¦Similarly, the number of defectives among the ten televisions of brand B is 2M. In order to test the null hypothesis H0: M = 2 against the alternative Ha: M gt; 2, the following procedure is adopted: (i) From the six televisions of brand A, draw a random sample of size two without replacement. (ii) From the ten televisions of brand B, draw a random sample of size two without replacement. (iii) Reject if and only if both the televisions in at least one of the two samples are defectives. a) What is the probability of type I error for the above test procedure? b) Find the probability of type II error for this procedure when M equals 3. 5. Anorexia in teenage girls: Anorexia is an eating disorder that can cause a person to be dangerously underweight. A recent study analysed the effect of cognitive behavioural therapy in aiding weight gain on 29 teenage girls affected with Anorexia. Each girl’s weight was measured before and after the therapy and the weight change (positive: weight gain; negative: weight loss) was noted. The weight changes for the 29 girls had a sample mean of = 3 kilos and a standard deviation of s = 7.32 kilos. Let  µ be the population mean weight change. It can be assumed that weight change follow a normal distribution in the population. a) What would be a reasonable set of hypotheses (null and alternative) for this problem? b) How many standard errors separate the sample average weight change of the 29 girls and the null valueShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Game Theory1616 Words   |  7 PagesGame theory is one to more complexed topics but reveals a clear understanding from different scholars. Don Ross explained that game theory is the study that interacts with the different choices of economics agents which bring forth many different outcomes with the point to the preferences of those agents, where the outcomes in question might have been intended by none of the agents (Ross, 2016). 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