Health and Social Care Act Essay Example for Free

health and Social C atomic number 18 Act EssayLegislation Health and Social Care Act the Medicines Act and The Misuse of Drugs Act. Guidelines could embroil the Nursing Midwifery Guidelines for the management of medicine administration registered cling tos have to abide by this draw of guidelines and for paid carers, the General Social Care Councils Code of Conduct will have fewthing which could relate to medication. Policy for example consider the Governments drive to ensure deal with dementia are not over medicated so their policy is currently designed to push the professionals responsible for prescribing to bear in mind the effect of drugs on frail elderly people and to consider alternative treatments such as activities and therapies. Other examples of policy might be the Governments drive to keep back the prescribing of antibiotics to reduce the incidence of resistant strains of bacteria. Protocols a protocol is a outgrowth and you could outline your companys p rocedure (protocol) for disposing of controlled drugs or medication in general.2- Know about public types of medication and their use.Antibiotics- The most common side personal effects of antibiotics affect the digestive system. These occur in around 1 in 10 people. Side effects of antibiotics that affect the digestive system includebeing sickfeeling sickdiarrheabloating and indigestionabdominal painloss of appetite isobutylphenyl propionic acid- Ibuprofen can cause a number of side effects.For this reason, take lowest possible dose of ibuprofen for the shortest possible time needed to control your symptoms. greens side effects of ibuprofen includenausea (feeling sick)vomiting (being sick)diarrhoea (passing loose, watery stools)indigestion (dyspepsia)abdominal (tummy) painAntihistamine- Common side effects of first-generation antihistamines includedrowsinessimpaired thinkingdry mouthdizzinessconstipationblurred visionan inability to fully empty the bladder (urinary retention)Drugs like insulin (blood has to be taken from a pinprick so that glucose can be measured before the insulin can be given) warfarin to thin the blood again blood levels must(prenominal) be checked regularly digoxin to slow and steady the heart (pulse should be checked prior to administration and advice taken if the pulse dips below 60 beats per minute) Common adverse reactions might be diarrhoea (some antibiotics for example) skin rashes nausea through to serious adverse reactions such as anaphylactic impact (facial swelling, blistering of the skin, wheezing and hives) leading to total system collapse and (if not treated with adrenalin) death. The different routes of medication administration are orally, injection/intravenous, creams, and liquids. 3- Understand procedure and techniques for the administration of medication. The required information from prescriptions and medication administration charts are medication name, the name of the person the mediation is convinced(p) for, do sage, frequency/PRN and medication strength. 4- swot up for the administration of medication.Standard precautions for infection control would be hand washing, ppe forexample gloves and aprons etc.In a structured health care setting, medication would be administered to the patient or resident or client by a nurse, such as an RN or LPN whoever was assigned to be the med nurse. In other facilities, medication is administered by persons with med certs (certification training to administer meds). Its a very specific, precise duty. Meds are secured in locked rooms, areas, and carts. No one is allowed access except the med nurse or scheduled med cert. (person). Meds have to be administered in the correct dosage, which can only be according to a doctors prescription. Dosage cannot be altered unless a doctor alters or updates the Rx. The person administering the meds must observe the person they administer them to and ensure that they took them. Pocketing meds (in the cheek), or refusing m eds are handled according to the persons meds and orders. Sometimes it is marked as declined / refused meds. Sometimes, it is authenticated that they did not swallow it initially and had to be encouraged, etc. or whatever happened according to the facilities guidelines. Meds are always, and must be, administered and documented accurately when they are administered (contemporaneously). Meds are prescribed to be given sometimes at certain intervals.If the med is a few minutes late, no one is to assume that it was already administered, and skip it. Likewise, if it is offered a flyspeck early and that is appropriate according to the order, the med, or the patient request, etc. and it is not documented correctly and contemporaneously, and a second dose is administered, expect it is on time, and assuming falsely that it was not recently administered (upon request or whatever the circumstances were), then the patient would have been given an incorrect dosage, more than they were prescri bed. You know that with some meds, that could be very a very serious overdose, sometimes terminal. They do try to put many checks and balances in place to prevent as much human error as possible, but it can happen. The consequences are usually pretty severe. A med cert would automatically lose their med certification, and they would be disciplined up to, and including, termination.With a licensed nurse, Im not as sure of the procedure, but Im fairly certain it would definitely include reporting the med error orabuse, suspension without pay, an internal (or by chance external) investigation, and disciplinary actions up to and including termination. Also, unauthorized access and theft of prescription medications whether by the assigned med nurse, or an outside party, would automatically involve criminal charges. And of course, criminal charges are always a possibility in the other two scenarios I presented above for med certs and nurses, depending on the laws, the circumstances, an d the outcome of the investigations. Like I said, very serious consequences. And its not like someone could just take a med and it could go unnoticed. med admin documentation is reviewed / audited at least daily, if not more often, and if someone was suspected of confiscating meds, such as narcotics, the building, in some agencies would go into lock-down and staff could / would be subjected to a search.

Performance Management Plan Essay Example for Free

Performance Management Plan EssayI energize been gathering information to help dismember your business and to assist in giving you recommendations based on the business strategy you give up compiled to increase slaying of the employees and business. I give be facial expression at several objectives to help with the performance plan that your company will use to identify any area of improvement and to enhance on the areas of expertise. I understand that your expectations are as follows, Landslide Limousine will be at a negative $50,000 for the first year with the expectation of a maturement of 5% over two years, and you are planning to have 25 employees with a turnover rate of 10%. To assist in explaining the plan I have in mind, I will break the plan into different subject topics for you to follow, and give explanations as well.A. Aligning performance to the business strategyWhen considering performance it is demand to incorporate some type of performance appraisal curr iculum within the organization. This serves as a tool for the employees to work toward, with the proper appraisal program the employee will feel a since of ownership of their own behaviors and will have a benefit for achieving goals or objectives. This in any case gives the employee amotivation to change positions and traverse with a training program to enhance their own psycheal wealth within the organization. The employees will also feel more open in providing feedback to otherwise employees, provide ideas and help to develop new employees skills as they learn the importance of enhancing their own skill set.Using a commission by objective process will give the employees the objective to work toward, and will give the employee a standard of acceptable behaviors. Self-appraisals will be key in this realm, node feedback, and continual monitoring will help to evaluate the performance of apiece singular. Immediate supervisors or managers will assist in the appraisal process, an d you will be informed of the continual behavior of each employee on a regular basis. Customer feedback will be useful information as this will be one of the key elements in the appraisal as client service is what will drive your business to the next level. Cascio, (2013).2. Job analysisThe skills necessary for the employee to have will be the basis of the meditate analysis. This is why it will be important to determine what skills are ask in this field. What measures will be apply to evaluate each individuals job or merit pay. We must define what job will require what skills and what will be the making for each position. By determining the job qualifications for each position will help in the selective process to find the decline people for the right job. Mr. Stonefield, you will need to define the positions you will have within the organization by separating each skill set required and what each job designation will need. This bear be done with a job analysis it should inclu de the tasks required for each job by title.It will be necessary to determine what the limousine drivers will be expected to accomplish while transporting clients. The job rout out be also defined by how much lifting, hanker periods of downtime, ability to drive extended vehicles, and the skill set of the individual to navigate to different geographical areas within the region. The job must reflect the experience of the driver, their educational background, and what are their abilities or proven track records.3. The organizational performance philosophyThe rewards to excellence are the Landslide Limousine motto. The companyis committed to the best customer experience this is measured by consistency, customer satisfaction, and continual development of the staff. 4. Measuring the employees abilities and continual skill enhancement Measuring employee skills is important to the performance of the individual this provides continual feedback, coaching, and growth for the employee. The g oals set for these individuals must be clear, concise, and obtainable, Cascio, (2013). Employees should have ongoing meetings with the management staff to reflect on achievements and goals set for future achievements. This setting should also encourage feedback from the employee this will allow the employee to feel as though their suggestions count in the process of the growth of the organization. The objectives should have a clear vision of how each one will be achieved, using a graphic rating scale can assist in this process. The behavior anchored rating scale (BARS) can also help to analyze critical incidents and then compare these to the norm. Casico, (2013).5. Addressing skill gaps within the organizationA skills gap analysis identifies specific skills unavoidable to collar any given task and then takes that information and compares it to the level of current requirements. This is completed by doing a skill assessment which will determine the skills needed for any of the part icular jobs within the organization or job category (Cascio, 2013). Then by applying the assessment as a benchmark for the job you can develop a plan for the training process needed to assist the employees in their road to success. One must develop a list of skills per job and determine the knowledge needed for each role, and then once the skills are assessed and the training is planned out one must go through the skills needed to improve on these skills by reviewing with an appraisal review. According to (Lorri Freifield, 2014), transfer knowledge can assist in enhancing a technical talent through mentors share employees to explore their best practices.6. Delivering Performance through feedbackDelivering performance is very important, I would suggest using a process of multi-rater or the 360-degree feedback. This uses observations from many aspects of a person in many roles. Cascio, (2013). The immediate supervisor or manager, co-worker and customers rate the employee through feed back form the performance of that individual that is observed. This willassist with any self-evaluation mistake and the feedback from different areas will give a 360 view of the individual, this will assist in understanding how the employee is effective in their role. Observant views with others assist in keeping a fair and objective view of employees this will also assist in continuing a fair and objective review process.Mr. Stonefield the performance management framework given outlines the steps necessary in reviewing standards of an individual and team by actual performance. When looking at the overall strategy of the company as a whole Landslide Limousine will need to minimize the turnover and enhance on the skill set to enhance the overall employee performance. It will be necessary to look into the best cost effective way to handle any performance management and by using the recommendations I have listed Landslide Limousine will be striving to the goal of being the best in th e Austin Texas area.ReferencesCascio, W. F. (2013). Managing Human Resources (9th ed.). New York, NY The McGraw HillsCompanies, Inc.Lorri Friefield. (2014). Training the Source for captain Development Retrieved fromhttp//www.trainingmag.com/solving-todays-skill-gaps

advertisements concerning attention, cognitive learning and motivation

advertisements concerning attention, cognitive witnessing and pauperization1.0 Executive SummaryThis proposal examines huge beas of issues in advertisements concerning attention, cognitive learning and motivation in mess long periods as problem in the communication field. The first section elaborates about that background of ad, followed by the definitions of problems. In the later section, an integrated oriented belles-lettres review of previous investigate precedeed volition enforce a short insight of the methods and accessible explore that were carried out. In section 4.0, the objectives of the proposed study will give the highlights what the study sack obtain and follow by the methods of research, data collection and depth psychology. The summary of the proposal is included in the section 6.0, which is the conclusion.2.0 Background To The Problem2.01 publicizingBelch and Belch (2004) defined advertising as space or period that is bought by an identified sponsor to use any form of impersonal communication ingredients (e.g., television, radio, magazines, or newspapers) to deliver messages to a large number of individuals of potential consumers, frequently at the same time about an organisation, product or service (Belch Belch, 2004, pp16).Wells, et al (2003) alleged that advertisements strive to satisfy consumers objectives by eng senescent them and delivering a relevant message. Hence, the consumer may phone the advertisement if it is sufficiently entertaining and possibly learn to relate the advertisement to personal needs. Further more(prenominal), the information extracted from the advertisement may provide incentive and reinforce the consumers decision. Whilst from the advertisers perspective, the definitive objective of placing an advertisement is to persuade or process consumers to do something. The advertiser aims to move consumers to action by attaining the consumers attention, seizing their interests for a period of time to con vince the consumers to change their behaviours, try the advertisers product or cause shit loyalty (Wells, el at 2003, pp.5).According to Wells, et al (2003) people argon concerned about the society being overrun by advertisements, then many aspects of ethical advertising issues such as advocacy, accuracy and acquisitiveness are being investigated. Hence, advertisers must make mindful decisions to either adhere or time out the codes of ethics (Wells, el at 2003, pp.30 33).2.02 Problem DefinitionsWells, et al (2003) articulate puffery as one of the key issues in advertising, which is defined as advertising or some other sales re redeemation, which praise the item to be sold with subjective opinions and superlatives or exaggerations, vaguely and generally stating no specific proofs, the empirical evidence on the potence of puffery indicated that reasonable people do not believe such claims whilst there are public who transmits the advertisers to prove the truth of their superla tive messages. Ergo, advertisers are advised to conduct necessary research that verifies facts about ethical messages for effective advertising. Advertisers and advertising agencies that nominate insights into the minds of the potential consumers views and evidences on their perceptions will prove to be helpful in assessing what are ethical conducts (Wells, el at 2003, pp.33 34).Wells, et al (2003) elucidate subliminal messages is transmitted below the threshold of normal perception, where the receiver is not consciously aware of receiving, the embedment of messages are placed to manipulate. Research has yet to prove subliminal messages arouse affect behaviours due to physiological limitations, while the results in different research has shown indications that subliminal stimuli undersurface cause some types of minor reactions (Wells, el at 2003, pp.42).This proposed research aims to examine the hierarchy of issues in advertising from the consumers perspectives, hence the resear ch process is designated to investigate the signifi good dealt levels of attention, cognitive learning and motivational messages in advertising.3.0 Literature ReviewThe evidence from studies on advertising overwhelming indicates that additional studies are needed to cover the broad spectrum of issues concerning advertising practice.Rosbergen, et al (1997) adduce a methodology to examine the effects of physical ads of consumers attention to visuals elements on the accounts of heterogeneity, to inquire when and how consumers devote their attention to commercial stimuli and what determines the consumers attentional strategies and patterns. The proposed methodology was driven by the lack of research conducted on consumer attention, even though the importance of attention has been acknowledged (Rosbergen, et al 1997, pp.305).A growing proboscis of research indicates that exposures to ubiquitous advertisements over a period of time have lead-in to change magnitude physical dissatisfac tion amongst a large proportion of women (Halliwell, el at 2005, pp. 408).Other research findings proved that women portrayed in the advertisements do not control for attractiveness. For example, Posavac, et al (1998) compared viewing fashion models with realistically-sized women you might meet in passing(a) life. Although they do not report attractiveness ratings, they note that the attractiveness of models is accentuated by artificial means. (Halliwell, el at 2005, pp. 408)There are many theoretical reasons to expect that consumer reactions to advertising are affected by their response to the program or print material in which the advertising is inserted. Indeed many studies have looked at the impact of media context on the effectiveness of advertising. At present, however, twain major issues arise with this literature. One concerns the need for more specific theories about how media context can affect advertising as well as the other relates to when context affects advertising positively and when it affects it negatively. (Halliwell, el at 2005, pp. 408)Researchers increasingly recognise the interest in on the psychology of consumers has been steadily on the rise. Much of this research has focused on changes in information processing (e.g., Roedder-John and Cole 1986). The research indicates that, consumers of different ages have different level of susceptibility to misleading advertising (Gaeth and Heath 1987) and the truth-inflating effects of repetition (Law, Hawkins, and Craik 1998 Skurnik et al. 2005). The research has shown evidences that consumers of unfledgeder age rely more on schema-based whilst honest-to-goodness consumers adopt detailed processing strategies. However, agedness also has important effects on motivational processes that can significantly affect information processing. In particular, aging is associated with an increase in the motivation to attend to emotional versus factual information (e.g., Labouvie-Vief and Blanchard-Fields 1982 Williams Drolet, 2005, pp.343)Williams and Drolet (2005) conducted their first study on how time horizon perspective affects older and young adult consumers attitudes toward and recall of emotional (vs. rational) appeals. The experiment 1 design was a 2 (age group older vs. young) x 2 (appeal type emotional vs. rational) x 3 (time horizon perspective limited vs. marvelous vs. control). In control conditions, where the researchers were expecting age to interact with appeal type that (1) older participants will have more favourable attitudes toward and better recall of emotional (vs. rational) appeals and (2) young participants will have more favourable attitudes toward and better recall of rational (vs. emotional) appeals (Williams Drolet, 2005, pp.345).Additionally to expectation time horizon perspective to maintain the above effects such that in limited time horizon conditions, where researchers anticipate young participants will show increased attitudes toward and recall of emotional (vs. rational) appeals. In expansive time horizon conditions, Williams and Drolet (2005) look at the prospect of older participants showing increased attitudes toward and recall of rational (vs. emotional) appeals (Williams Drolet, 2005, pp.346)From the depth psychology tested for potential differences due to the use of two different products (coffee and film), the results indicated no significant differences in results (all ps 1 .30), and analysis are collapsed across the two products. The product categories were tested to use as a potential covariate in the analysis. No effects were significant ( ps 1 .30) and were not discussed further.As evaluate by Williams and Drolet (2005) the findings from Experiment 1 indicated that in the control time horizon conditions, older participants had greater thirst and recall of the emotional appeals whilst the younger participants had greater liking and recall of the rational appeals.Whilst in limited time horizon conditions, bo th older and young participants attitudinal and memory responses were higher for the emotional appeals. In contrast, in the expansive time horizon conditions, the attitudinal and memory responses were higher for the rational appeals for both groups.As an afterword for Experiment 1, which have proven that age and time horizon perspective moderate responses to emotional and rational appeals to older and young adults. The results compiled from Experiment 1 differ from results of previous research (e.g. Fung and Carstensen 2003), which had inadequate evidence.(Williams Drolet, 2005, pp.345)In Experiment 2, Williams and Drolet (2005) examine how differences in age and time horizon perspective influence consumers attitudes toward and recall of emotional appeals that focus on the avoidance of negative emotional experiences. Participants were instructed to read either a positively framed or negatively framed emotional appeal of one of two emotional products. after reading the appeal, parti cipants were required to answer questions about their attitudes toward products. After that, participants were required to do manipulation checks and answered product use and demographic questions. Lastly, participants were asked to recall all they could about the appeal that they have read earlier (Williams Drolet, 2005, pp.349 50).Williams and Drolet (2005) tested for differences by using two emotional products (greeting cards and flowers). The analysis found no significant differences in results ( ps 1 .30). Hence, Experiment 2 have shown indications that aging and time horizon perspective impact and preferences for emotional versus rational appeals, but also preferences for different types of emotional appeals. Specifically, that avoidance of negative emotional outcomes is more favored and has higher memory retention among both groups of older and younger participants in limited time horizon view. On the contrary, younger and older participants who had an expansive time horiz on view breedd were preferably higher on positive emotions and are more memorable (Williams Drolet, 2005, pp.351).Gunter, et el (2005) have preliminary evidence that can lead advertisers to believe that effectiveness of advertisements on consumers retention and comprehension of messages relies on the placement of television programs, positioning of ads in print materials or radio airtime. The nature of the advertising environment can affect memory for embedded advertising as a result of cognitive interference effects when and where the advertisement formats are harmonious semantically (Furnham, Bergland, Gunter, 2002Furnham, Gunter, Richardson, 1999) or in terms of format (Gunter, Baluch,Duffy, Furnham, 2001) or as a function of program-induced moods (Goldberg Corn, 1987 Kamins, Marks Skinner, 1991 Schumann, 1986). Arousal(Mundorf, Zillman, Drew, 199 1 Pavelchak, Antil, Munch, 1988), or excitement(Singh, Churchill, Hitchon, 1987). go unpleasant arousal or interference ca n impede memory for embedded advertisements, the degree to which any advertisement format involves or appeals also can affect memory (Gunter, et al 2005, pp. 1680)4.0 Objective of Proposed ResearchThe objective of the research is to provide advertisers and advertising agencies to have insights to create ethical, effective and efficient advertisements to publics. The collection and analysis of consumers personal information from various electronic media and tools with the advancements and improvements in the new age of technologies and research methods, advertisers are able to analyse consumers information, perception and behaviours.4.01 MethodsThis study aims to investigate which element in advertising precedes primary in the minds of the consumers, by taking into account the possible role of attention, puffery and motivational messages in advertising.The use of focus group interviews allows researchers to generate information that can be used to design effective, ethical and effici ent messages in advertising. Focus group interviews can provide researchers with relevant perceptions and attitudes of selected participants (Frey, et al 2000, pp.221).In addition for more insight and higher success of the interviews, four facilitators will be acquired to guide and lead the focus group interviews. The facilitators will introduce the topics make headway participations and probes for more information.The participants will be exposed to advertisements of different materials (e.g., television commercials, radio commercials, magazines ads, or newspapers ads).The participants will be divided into four focus groups that will be videotaped and recorded with written consents prone by the participants. each participant will be asked to provide demographic information including age, gender, race, ethnicity, marital status, and religion. The members of the research team up were present to greet and support the focus group, by playing the roles of complete participant, partic ipant observer, observer participant and complete observer via listening to the discussions, and record field notes (Frey, et al 2000, pp.269).Male and female participants will be assigned randomly to 4 treatment conditions, ensuring equal numbers of 5 each gender per condition root word 1- television commercials and magazine print ads convocation 2- radio commercials and newspaper ads Group 3- television commercials and radio commercials and Group 4 magazine print ads and newspaper ads. separately group will spend 30 minutes on the different advertising formats that will be played in a small theater of operations room that will be fully equipped with a large screen, enhanced audio systems, desks and refreshments.After observing the different formats of advertising, each group will be lead into discussions by the facilitators, where participants will be encouraged to express themselves freely about their experiences, opinions and perceptions.Before finalising the focus group s essions, participants will be given three set of questionnaires to answer.Commercials rating questionnaire.On the program rating questionnaire, participants will use a 10-point scale to rate the advertisements, which they have watch, heard or seen in the focus group session on 12 evaluative scales (absorbing, hostile, arousing, disturbing, engaging, entertaining, enjoyable, exciting, happy, violent, interesting, and involving). Each scale ranged from 1 (not at an to 10 (extremely).Free-recall questionnaire.A free-recall questionnaire will ask participants to salvage everything they could remember about the advertisements that they saw. They will be required to write down the name of the product and the brand advertised, and any elaborate of the advertising message. Such details could include specific product- related to information, such as price, promotional appeals, specific strengths or benefits, presence of celebrity endorser, and other idiosyncratic features of the advertisem ent.Brand recognition questionnaire.A brand recognition questionnaire will test participants memory for the brands advertised in the duration of the focus group.Participants will be asked to indicate as many brands as they could remember that appeared during the focus group.Each correct answer was scored 1 point, while incorrect choices were given 0 points.4.02 Data Collection and AnalysisAll the members of the research team who will engage in a series of meetings to review and compare the four focus groups coding schemesThe meetings will audio-recorded, and then the selected portions of the recordings were transcribed to review chat through which concepts will be refined. parable analysis and fantasy question analysis can best complement the data collected from the focus groups interviews. Metaphor analysis will allow researchers to investigate into participants figures of speech in a word or phrase that denotes one object to another, while fantasy theme analysis allows particip ants to interact between one another and share stories and experiences (Frey, et al 2000, pp.285).The questionnaires will be content-analysed and compared against a pretested list of salient points that had been identified for each advertisement.The research will be compiled into an informal structure report written by the researchers in first-person singular voice, which signifies rhetorical assumption of naturalistic paradigm (Frey, et al 2000, pp.20).Every participant will be treated as a unit of analysis in analytic strategy to consider the participants behaviours, attitudes, perception and cognitive process.5.0 TimelineThe proposed timeline of research is as below calendar week 1Selecting Respondents Or Target ParticipantsWeek 2Setting the environment for focus groupsWeek 3Conducting Focus Group InterviewsWeek 4Conducting Focus Group InterviewsWeek 5Collection of DataWeek 6Compiling Of Data and Transfer Data Into TranscriptsWeek 7Analysis Of DataWeek 8Compilation of ReportWeek 9Compilation Of Report6.0 ConclusionThe proposed study has important social implications that can provide advertisers and advertising agencies with more concrete and overwhelming findings to help overcome the issues that are threatening the effects and impacts of advertising on individuals. Hence, the study can result in advertisers creating ethical, efficient and effective advertisements that can influence and persuade individuals with motivational messages that affect emotional appeals positively.7.0 ReferencesBelch, G. E. Belch, M. A. 2004, advertise and Promotion An Integrated Marketing discourse Perspective, 6th edn, McGraw Hill, Singapore.Frey, L., Botan, C. Kreps, G. 2000, Investigating Communication An Introduction to Research Methods, 2nd edn, Allyn Bacon, Needham Heights, MA.Gunter, B., Furnham, A. Pappa, E. 2005, Effects of television violence on memory for violent and nonviolent advertising, Journal of employ Social Psychology, vol 35, no. 8, pp. 1680 97.Halliwel l, E., Dittmar, H. Howe, J. 2005, The impact of advertisements featuring ultra-thin or average-size models on women with a history of eating disorders, Journal of Community Applied Social Psychology, vol 15, pp. 406 13.Jacoby, J. Hoyer, H. W. 2002, Viewer miscomprehension of televised communication Selected findings, Advertising Social Review, viewed 16 October 2009,http//muse.jhu.edu.ezproxy.lib.uts.edu.au/journals/advertising_and_society_review/v001/1.1jacoby.htmlRosbergen, E., Pieters, R. Wedel, M. 1997, Visual attention to advertising A segment level analysis, Journal of Consumer Research, vol 24, pp. 305 -15.Wells, W., Burnett, J. Moriarty, S. 2003, Advertising Principles and Practice, 6th edn, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.Williams, P. Drolet, A. 2005, Age related differences in responses to emotional advertisements, Journal of Consumer Research, vol.32, pp. 343 55.

A Language Game Can Be Used Philosophy Essay

A quarrel Game Can Be Used philosophical system EssayA linguistic dialogue game mass be utilize as a metaphor for organisations. This is how post modern theorists think we should now realise at firms in terms of text. This impart in depart them to musical note and analyse organisations from a several(predicate) perspective as they believe theories such as Taylorism be now becoming obsolete. This essay looks at row games in terms of three philosophers Wittgenstein, Foucault and Derrida. The essay will also look at how organisation can be described as a result of such quarrel games.According to Wittgenstein a Language game can be described as language and the actions into which it is woven into (Goldstein, 2004, p. 546). To be able to imagine language in this sense means to imagine a form of life. Forms of life be the diverse types of activities undertaken by humans, in this sense we look at them as speech, this leads to the perception that our forms of life be comp licated because of the complexity of the language games we partake in. In his posterior work of Philosophical Investigations, section 23, Wittgenstein lists some of the language games that humans play Giving orders and obeying them, Describing the appearance of an butt, or giving its measurements, constructing an object from a description (a drawing), (Wittgenstein, 1958). We inadvertently take part in language games every day and each game has its own rules and goals. Wittgenstein pays sm alone-scale attention to the players in language games, and suggests that it would be close to impossible for two language players to turn over the same linguistic pragmability, (Kopytko, 2007). This means that each human player is unique in terms of get a line in a social context. An example of a player would be a child learning to talk. In Wittgensteins Language games, the conditions we use to speak ar the objects used in the game.For Wittgenstein the rules the most important factor in a language game. Although a rule can non be defined, Wittgenstein applies it to the family resemblance concept, words which atomic number 18 used in one game may be used in an some other they be all deeply intertwined. Each community has a fairly take issueent set of rules for language games, depending on the experienceing, certainty and aw atomic number 18ness of the rules. Therefore humans that are playing language games they may have different rules and at that place may be confusion in understanding each other, for example two food retailers may have the same objectives but use different language games surrounded by staff to define these objectives e.g. stocktake/inventory. For rules to be followed in language games a certain amount of fore noesis is needed to be able to understand them, Wittgenstein believes that for one to understand the rule they must be able to apply it (Kopytko, 2007). Grammar within language also go fors a network of rules which determine which l inguistic moves show sense and which do not. For example, one cannot say that I know I have a brain because of the doubt and scepticism most knowing something that has not been discovern. Wittgenstein argues that in that respect is not final set of rules that we follow and they are constantly changing.In the beginning of Philosophical Investigations, Wittgenstein criticises his earlier work in Tractatus. In Tractatus he attempts to produce a universally true language about reality, (Jorgensen, 2006, p. 5). The assumption here is that every word has its own subject matter and this meaning is in connexion with the word. Augustines work in Confessions follows this idea, and suggests that there is no difference between kinds of words. However, Wittgenstein now proposes that this is a very primitive way of perceiving how language functions. In Philosophical Investigations, he uses the example of five red apples and questions how the shopkeeper knows what to do with the three words when no such question of the meaning of the words came into thought. These primitive forms of language are used by children when they are learning to talk. The seeming(a) teaching of words is used to teach children a primitive language it allows them to associate between an object and a word. To establish different understandings using ostensive teaching, a different form of training would need to be used for that particular use of the word. For example, a button, one is used on a computer to switch it on or off, another is used to open doors within a building and a third is a button on a cardigan, which connects the material. The point is that words do not entirely have one meaning and that there is no one single characteristic that characterizes one word (Jorgensen, 2006, p. 6), leading to the assumption that words are polysemic. By looking at Language in terms of triune meanings allows us to see that language is not an isolated phenomena (Jorgensen, 2006) but something that i s dependent on the experiences that we have had and the way human players perceive things.Wittgenstein describes language as an ancient city a maze of little streets and squares, of old and new houses, and of houses with additions from various periods and this surrounded by a multitude of new boroughs with straight unfluctuating streets and uniform houses (Wittgenstein, 1958, p. 18). This quote describes how Wittgenstein sees language and suggests that language is not permanent, but something that is constantly changing with traditions. It also describes how new language games come into followence whilst others become forgotten. The kind that occurs however is always dependent on history and the contextual rules of the game. This quote also leads to Wittgenstein being able to clarify that no word has a definitive meaning and therefore there is no common essence that characterises language (Jorgensen, 2006). Therefore it can be said that language games do not all have something in common, but they are connected by family resemblance, a rule of language games. This concept, introduced by Wittgenstein, is a metaphor saying that languages all look alike in the same way family members do. We see a complicated network of similarities overlapping and criss-crossing sometimes overall similarities, sometimes similarities of detail (Wittgenstein, 1958, p. 66). Thus language is called language as they are similar or look alike, just like organisations. As there is no essential core of a word, to generate a meaning for a word, one should investigate the different uses of the word this common factor is the family resemblance.The Private Vs Public Language argument is a consequence which Wittgenstein devotes a section of Philosophical Investigations to. Wittgenstein believes in a public language and that hush-hush games do not make sense. The individual words of this language are to refer to what can only be known to the person speaking to his immediate private sensat ions. So another person cannot understand the language (Wittgenstein, 1958). plain though private language experiences are real for individuals, the phrase is an oxymoron as it means making sure that the rules of the game are being followed which is an impossible task as the rules are indefinable. The concept of a private language means we are restricted in what we say, as we cannot express all of our experiences, for example only one can know when they are in pain, no one else can share that pain, they can only experience the description of the given pain. A public language is needed otherwise we would not be able to communicate in society therefore the goal of public language is communication between human players.Alongside language games are knowing and doubting games, these games relate to uncertainty in language. Wittgenstein uses the example of here is one hand (Wittgenstein, 1979), this ostensive definition is making an empirical claim which allows us to make sense of thing s. If humans were to doubt that a hand exists then we would make very little sense of language. Wittgenstein suggests that a proposition such as here is a hand must be looked at in context or it would by meaningless. We take these types of propositions for granted and must accept that these sorts of propositions should not be doubted or questioned. In each language game played, the rules of the game may be doubted if they are unclear or indefinite. In On Certainty, Wittgenstein compares these types of propositions to a river bed, and within a river the river bed must stay in place and not be doubted to allow the river of language to flow smoothly through with(predicate) it, (Sparknotes, 2012). Knowing and certainty link together as if you propose that you know something, you must be certain of it, for if you are not certain of a fact then you cannot be certain of the meaning of the words you are using either. To say you know something removes the doubt from the language game. Howev er we must have a degree of certainty within the language games to make sense and agree on things.One of the overall goals of Wittgensteins Language games is not to solve philosophical problems but to dissolve them. For example although he criticises Augustines surmisal of pointing and naming things, he does not attempt to replace it with another theory of language but he wants us to see that we do not need a theory to describe the link between language and reality. another(prenominal) goal of language games is to allow us to see past misleading pictures that our cultures complicate through communication, meaning that by using a public language and understanding the rules of the games we should understand more about language.A second theorist is Foucault who is known for his work on discourse which concerns the manufacturing of friendship through language (Hall, 1997). For him, a main purpose of his work is to show how individuals in the present are subordinated by particular disc ourses or language games (Jorgensen, 2006, p. 19). He believes that in modern day organisations power is embedded in the rules of language games and regulates and controls how the games are played. For example, when we begin a new job, we are taught by managers who control and limit how much we know about the company and what we can do within the company through the power they have within the workplace. Having this authoritative voice allows them to judge others. This suggests that the key players in Foucaults language games are professionals teachers, managers, doctors, Politians and prison guards. These professionals establish the norms of society and create docile bodies within institutions so that the bodies are controllable. One of the rules that Foucault applies to language games is that non-appropriate topics are disregarded within a discourse, for example within a meeting in an organisation it would be appropriate to talk about profit and loss not what you are doing at the w eekend.The professionals within institutions use objects as control mechanisms. Examples of these are timetables and the panoptican. The timetable is an object within a language game as they tell people where to go at particular times e.g. the language that is written on the timetable controls the daily routine of a factory worker they have set times to start work, have breaks and finish work. Another object is the panoptican is a vertical form of surveillance and produces self monitoring of individuals through fear. These objects of language games are there to sustain the games and enforce rules on the individuals and within each of these objects there are different rules to different language games. Leading on from this for Foucault one of the most significant forces shaping our experience is languageWe not only use language to explain ideas and feelings to others, we use it to explain things to ourselves (Danaher, 2000, p. 31). This proposes that everything we do is surrounded or influenced by language, written or spoken. By impact everything we do shows how powerful language can be.Knowledge and power are not seen as negative aspects and are produced by episteme which also holds them together. According to Foucault domains of knowledge and relations of power are intrinsically tied together, and this funda psychogenic intertwinement is what is referred to by that hybrid power/knowledge (Oksala, 2007, p. 48). This hybrid is possessed by the professionals within society, they normalise and enforce what should be considered as knowledge. For example when we go to work, we generally accept what the manager tells us to be true and do not question their knowledge about the company or job that needs doing. This leads to the conclusion that truth and knowledge are the result of scientific discourse and that Power and knowledge are fundamental in language as they reinforce truth. It is the goal of language games to shape knowledge and power relations through episte me, this is the mega game which makes all other games possible.Derrida is another philosopher who has studied language and the games that humans play. Derrida believes that we should look at process instead of the social organization of things. So deep does structure run in our mental habits that when we try to analyse process we turn it into structure. Derridas task has been to reverse this predilection and show that process is primary to structure (Cooper, 1989, p. 480). This suggests that we naturally look at the structure of things and not the process of how they happen, by looking at the process will allow us to make more sense of things. Derrida believes that humans are the players within his language games of deconstruction and differnce.Derridas views of discourse analysis are exhibited through deconstruction, this refers to moving away from structures towards a processual approach so that one can see and grapple with natural contradictions. Undecidability is used to explai n deconstruction through looking at binary opposites e.g. high/low and manager/employee. This leads to the assumption that these terms cannot exist without each other as without them they would not make sense a common example of this is Schrodingers Cat in the box. Derrida uses the term logocentrism within his work, by this he meant that language is simply a mechanism that communicates thoughts. This is a problem for deconstruction as it is faced with the issue of how to open up a text without tho endorsing the wider framework to which its terms belong (Wood, 1987, p. 32). To prevent this occurring Derrida employs overturning and metahporization. These are processes of deconstruction which allow us to look at language as the product of meaning through diffrence and dissemination.Diffrence comes from Saussures concept of signs and it is an important concept to Derridas view of process. Differnce embodies two meanings which govern the production of meaning diffrer can mean to be defe rred or to differ in space. Differed relates to Derridas Semiotics. A sign and its meaning are both members of diachronic or temporal series of that signs occurrences and the simultaneous patter of that related to signs in language. The reference to both of these is essential to the signs meaning. The meaning of each sign is relative to this combination of present and absent signs (Cahoone, 2012). This means that signs can be looked at in two ways, the initiatory is by looking at the historical path of the word, the second is by looking at what other signs are related to it. For example when we look up a word in the dictionary it leads us another meaning of a word, it is an endless chain of meanings, i.e. signs are polysemic. From this, leads us to one of Derridas rules of language there is no outside of the text, by this he means there is no access to the real world except through language (Bennett, 2004, p. 30), therefore there cannot be any meaning outside context because there is nothing we know or have experienced that isnt in context. The second meaning to differ in space, refers to a differentiation which he also terms spacing and which prevents any sign from having a self-enclosed identity, (Deutscher, 2005, p. 31). This suggests that a fixed meaning of a word cannot exist and a sign can have more than one identity based on the context in which it is placed, for example the word organisation has different meanings depending on the context in which it is being used.The above link to the objects of language games, in terms of Derridas work they are the meanings of signs, and having already reason out there is no one meaning to a sign, the goal of Derridas game is to therefore look at meanings or rules of signs and attempt to understand them by stabilise the rules. To do this humans must have experience in the context of the sign they are trying to understand and the meaning they come to will be based on past experiences of that.It is clear that comp arisons can be made between the authors on their theories of language games. Firstly, a contrast in Wittgenstein and Derridas work. Wittgenstein suggests that language games should be played through speech and his work reflects this, however Derrida proposes that language games should be in the form of writing. Although both theorists do agree on the concept of multiple meanings as they both believe that words/signs have an indefinite number of meanings depending on the context in which the word is being used. Another comparison is between Foucault and Wittgenstein who both think that we are constrained by our language and that we can only speak based on the language we have experienced, this links with private language games. A final comparison is of Derrida and Foucault who both use timetables in their work to describe forms of control through language.By using the work of all three theorists I think that organisations can be described in terms of language games. Organisations can be described using Wittgensteins and Derridas theories of multiple meanings in this way as when problems occur new solutions are found, however these solutions come with more problems so it is an endless cycle where no one solution will solve a problem, just like there is no one meaning of a word, this relates to Tamara, an endless story. A family resemblance may also be used to describe an organisation as although they do look the same, there are vital differences between each organisation, such as management structures and incline patterns. Also by using the private language argument, each individual within an organisation will have had different experiences within their job role, meaning that they cannot express all of their thoughts as there will not be a common public language at all times, this also links to Tamara as each individual experience is unique. Using Derrida and Foucaults example of a timetable within language games is another way of interpreting an organisation, as it is something that is used habitual within an organisation, such as specifically timed lunch breaks and clocking in cards. This form of self surveillance is regulated by language from managers and superiors within the organisation. In addition, in line with Derridas work, it is important to look at organisations in terms of arenas of processes and to look at the outcomes, not look at them as structures. at long last Foucaults players within a language are the professionals. Within an organisation these are the managers and it is their voices that set the rules of the language game within that organisation i.e. we accept what they say as the truth because of the power and knowledge that the manager has. In conclusion if organisations were to be looked at in terms of text it would allow us to interpret organisations other than and look for different ways of solving problems. This linguistic turn is a way of using text as a metaphor to give us the correct tools to use in organis ations.

Indias Foreign Policy Towards China: An Analysis

Indias opposed Policy To narrate of wards mainland China An epitomeKAUTILYAS THOUGHTS ON strange POLICY AND ANALYSE ITS RELEVANCE TO MODERN INDIA PARTICULARLY WITH REGARDS TO CHINACHAPTER I METHODOLOGY superior general1. The ma poove of immaterial indemnity is an exercise to achieve ends and means of a nation reconcile. Conceptu ally it is based on long terminal goals and related short term objectives. It is the product of past history, geography, evolving national personnel and prevalent transnational environment, which is largely unwrap(a) of countrys control1.2. Indian Foreign Policy towards China was initially based on idealism of Nehru, steered towards realism by Mrs Indira Gandhi, asserted by Rajiv Gandhi and culminated with India going overtly nuclear at a lower locating Vajpayee in May 1998. From Hindi-Chini bhai bhai to authority enemy number one and only(a) to great friend, India just does non know how to deal with its neighbourhood dragon that has play ed its cards so skilfully vis--vis India.3. Indias rife geostrategic location, vast natural and technological manpower resources, a vibrant emerging economy backed by strong armament and nuclear capability, ocular soft power and presence of the Indian Diaspora the world over, make it an ideal candidate to be a major player in the world in general and South Asian region in officeicular.4. India and China ar the twain major powers in Asia with global aspirations and some strong conflicting interests. As a result, some measuring of friction in their bilateral relationship is inevitable. The geopolitical reality of Asia makes sure that it leave behind be extremely difficult, if not impossible, for Hindi-Chini to be bhai-bhai (br opposites) in the foreseeable future. If India and China continue to rise in the next few years, a security competition mingled with the two regional giants depart be all but inevitable. If India is serious about its desire to emerge as a major global power, then it pull up stakes pay to cheat the challenge of Chinas rise. A rising China ordain not tolerate a rising India as its peer competitor. Even if a rising India does not have whatsoever intention of becoming a regional hegemon, China will try its best to constrain India as it has already done to a large extent. And it is that containment that India has to guard against. India should make a serious attempt to manage the frictions by expanding the zone of cooperation with consort even as it tries to steadfastly pursue its national interests.5. Indian overseas constitution agenda should be driven by only Indias national security imperatives. India needs to be much pro-active, consistent, and realistic when move China. It is time for India to realise that Its great power aspirations cannot be realised without a cold-blooded realistic assessment of its receive strategic interests in an anarchic international system where there argon no permanent friends or enemies, o nly permanent interests.6. It would be circumspect to come out, into the wisdom of Kautilyas , Arthashastra, a treatise on ordinance and discreetness to l do the less(prenominal)ons on war and strategy , national power and national security and threat perception and threat assessment.Statement of Problem7. To study Kautilyas thoughts on strategy and analyse its relevance to the present day Indian Geo-political environment with particular regards to China.Justification of the Study8. Kautilyas Arthashastra has been recognised the world over as an invaluable treatise on all facets of statecraft and polity. Its eternal wisdom and timelessness can be gauged from the fact that it is still quoted by scholars, academicians, bureaucrats and soldiers alike the world over. The interest generated in this epic illustrates that the thoughts on strategy to sustain and advance a state still go a routes valuable lessons. The twentieth vitamin C which has seen two world wars of long sequence and host of other conflicts worldwide has also generated a fairly large number of studies on strategy commensurate with the advances in technology and new methods in warf atomic number 18. But there is certain universality about classical strategic thoughts which prompts academics and scholars to go back to these works both in legal dishonor of comparative epitome and their reinterpretation in the changing world.9. Strategy over the ages has been defined in antithetic ways reflective of the times in which they were made and the existing interstate relations and economic and social state of a nation. Higher or Grand strategy is hardly understood nor does it seem to have been practised in India. It is and then important to study the various facets of this vital subject as propounded by Kautilya in his Arthashastra, as it is so critical for the conception and security of a nation. grasp10. The Arthashastra is a compendium on various aspects of statecraft and lays down measures to be followed by a king to sustain and advance a state. The contents of this treatise are very exhaustive covering a broad spectrum to allow the minor details at one end to grand strategy on the other. tho this study concentrates on the various facets of stratagem enunciated by Kautilya and analyse their relevance to modern India peculiarly with regards to ChinaMethod of entropy order11. All the discipline for this study has been gathered from various books (refer bibliography) and internet.Content12. Background. Kautilyas Arthashastra is an excellent treatise on statecraft, economic polity and armed forces strategy. It is said to have been written by Kautilya, also cognize by the name Chanakya or Vishnugupta, the prime minister of Indias runner great emperor, Chandragupta Maurya. This chapter will include the side by side(p)-(a) Authenticity and date of Arthashastra.(b) Historical account of lifespan sentence of Kautilya.13. Kautilyas Foreign Policy. In Interstate re lations power constitutes the ability of a nation to impose its will on another nation despite resistance. This Chapter will include-(a) Saptanga concept of state. Kautilyas theory of the state describes the seven constituent divisions of any state2 and is an exposition of the theory of the Circle of States (The mandala theory) as the basis for a impertinent policy of expansion by conquest. The seven constituents are the basis of the national power and gladness. He then relates as to how national power varies due to expansion or calamities and how pursuance of national interest is directly related to the possession of national power.(b) Postulates of foreign policy. As a political realist, Kautilya walk outd that every nation acts to maximize power and self-interest, and therefore moral tenets or obligations have miniature or no force in actions among nations3. Kautilyas postulates on foreign policy international relations, national security to include inbred and external sec urity, war waging methodology to include Mantrayuddha or War by Counsel, Prakasayuddha or Open War, kutayuddha or Concealed War, Gudayuddha or Clandestine War.14. Mandala Concept as the Basis of National Strategy. Kautilya, says that the the aggressor (Vijigishu), should conclude, peace when he finds that he is weaker than the enemy4 he should wage war when he finds himself to be stronger he should have neutrality when assesses that neither he nor his enemy can settle the score he should seek refuge when he is weak and he should choose the duel policy in a contingency requiring the help from, another ruler. War and foreign policy issues are thus decided in an ad hoc framework of political expediency. When progress is equally attainable by means of peace and war, Kautilya says that the former is to be preferred. This is so, for war involves expenditure in men and money, domicil in a foreign land, and suffering.This chapter will include the following-(a) Mandala Theory. Kautilya be lieved that countries which shared a common border were natural enemies. However, any state on the other side of that enemy is a natural choice for an ally for they, too, are at risk from the same enemy. In other words, he believed in the convention of the enemy of my enemy is my friend. The idea is best envisioned by a series of concentric circles (not a normal configuration of states, admittedly, but easier to describe), which actually makes them look a bit like a mandala.(b) Potential enemies. A neighboring prince possessed of the excellences of an enemy is the foe one in calamity is vulnerable one without support or with weak support is fit to be exterminated in the reverse case, fit to be harassed or weakened. These are the different types of enemies5.(c) Alliances. A perfect ally is said to have six qualities,namely, constant, under control, quickly mobilising, hereditary, great and not given to double dealing.(d) The six measures of foreign policy. Kautilya in time believes that there are spin-offs of these, thus providing six methods of foreign policy. These are making peace, waging war, staying quiet, preparing for war, seeking support, and the dual policy of making peace with one while waging war against another6. Ones circumstances will dictate which methods should be utilised.15. Application of Mandala Theory in the Contemporary Indian geo-political Scenario. This Chapter will include the classification of friends, enemies, effectiveness enemies, and likely allies on the basis of Mandala theory.16. Implication of Chinas Rise in Indian Perspective. This chapter will include the following-(a) Chinas plenary strategy.(b) Chinese Balance of power strategy in Asia.(c) Chinese economic Strategy.(d) Chinas encirclement policy.(e) Relationship with Indias neighbours.(f) Chinas perception of India.(g) Indias perception of China.(h) Implication of Chinas strategy on Indias security.17. Application of Kautilyan Wisdom in Sino-Indian Relations. This chapt er will include the following-(a) Chinese critical vulnerabilities.(b) Indian options to counter Chinese threat.(c) Suggested Indian Strategy against China.Miraculous results can be achieved by practising the methods of subversion. KautilyaCHAPTER II BACKGROUND General1. Kautilya, also known as Chanakya 7or Vishnugupta, was an Indian statesman and philosopher who lived around 350 B.C.E. He is one of the most famous Indian political thinkers who participated in the social and political revolutions of his age. though he lived a long time ago, certain principles from his theory are still relevant in todays context. His most famous work is Arthashastra, translated other than by various authors, but in its most acceptable meaning, the science of political economy8. The book, written in Sanskrit, discusses theories and principles of governing a state. Arthashastra system unique in all of Indian literature because of its unabashed advocacy of realpolitik. Indian scholars continued to stud y it for its clear-cut arguments and formal prose till the twelfth century. After that period it anomic its significance. It has again become the focus of attention of thinkers who want to see a change in the Indian foreign policy9.2. Kautilya was a Brahmin minister under Chandragupta Maurya10, the first king of the great Mauryan Empire in India. The empire was the largest and most powerful political and military empire of ancient India. It was founded in 321 B.C.E. by Chandragupta Maurya11, who had overthrown the Nanda Dynasty and begun expanding his power across central and western India. The Empire stretched to the North along the natural boundaries of the Himalayas, and to the east stretching into what is now Assam. To the West, it reached beyond modern Pakistan and included Baluchistan in Persia and evidentiary portions of what is now Afghanistan, including the modern Herat and Kandahar provinces.3. Many call Kautilya the first political realist in the world.12 His work diffe red from existing political theory in that it talked about ways of racecourse the administration which were based more on self interest than on morality. The frank and brutal advice he offers the king in his treatise makes Machiavellis The Prince seem mild.13 at that place are four different characteristics of a realist approach to international relations14(a) The assumption that human nature is aggressive.(b) The belief that international relations will always be characterized by conflict.(c) The belief that the foremost goal of the king shall be the protection of the state and its people.(d) The belief that the state must be strong politically, economically, and militarily so as to minimize the possibility of an attack.4. He thus talked about balance of power before this term was actually invented.15 He said that the king should take all his neighbors as his enemies and that any state on the opposite side of a neighbor is a emf ally. So, if countries were in a line, countries 1, 3, 5, 7 could be friends, as could 2, 4, and 6. But countries 1, 2, and 3 could neer be friends. This status would change as soon as country 1 conquered country 2. From that very beat country 3 (a friend) would be the new enemy. This is called his mandala theory.16 Arthashastra5. It is necessary to bear in mind that the Arthashastra, the science of wealth and warfare, was just discovered and translated in the past century in Mysore by R. Shamasastry17, and that until then, there was no knowledge of any such compilation, despite scant allusions made to an Arthashastra, and its alternative names Nitisastra and Dandaniti, in the Mahabharata18.Thomas Trautmann dates the text to c.150 A.D. and, finished rigorous statistical analysis, he concludes that the Arthashastra had several authors spanning a wide range of dates,19 which adds to the puzzle of how historically obscure the text has been for over the past two millennia. Nevertheless, its faithful nature adds credence to its fun ction as a handbook on efficient statecraft for kings and high-level ministers.6. Artha has always been regarded as one of the four purusharthas,20 to that extent its teachings have been relegated to animal fables and folklore. No such shastras seem to have been compiled for public knowledge, as was the case of the Dharmashastras and Kamashastras. In stark contrast to the latter, the manuscript discovered in 1902 by Shamasastry was compiled as a guidebook for kings and high-level officials, rather than the average individual. The result is a perspective advocating a top-down style of governance with little or no representation held by the general populace, and the continual maintenance of such a state with energetic leadership and extensive secret service. Though the king and upper echelons of society involuntarily accepted such authority because of religious ideals just as much as the general populace did, the Arthashastra suggests the existence of a midget elite with a secular a nd realist outlook that actively worked to uphold this power scheme and determine the overall course of the kingdom.217. It is for this resolve that the Arthashastra advocates rank the priorities of the purusharthas, by valuing materialism over religion and morality.22 Similarly, R.P. Kangle notes that these ideals are meant for individuals and that the conduct of public life was not to be guided by these rules for individual morality23. Management of the state necessitated realism, not idealism. It required the prudence and precise calculation of measures undertaken alongside their short and long-term consequences, which formulated the theoretical beginnings of economics Wealth will slip international from that childish man who constantly consults the stars the only guiding star of wealth is itself what can the stars of the sky do? Man, without wealth, does not get it even after a ascorbic acid attempts. Just as elephants are needed to catch elephants, so does wealth capture mo re wealth24. Public welfare was contingent upon the strength of the state. The latter was achieved by internal development or territorial expansion, both of which were realized through power25.8. The Arthashastra regards both economics and foreign policy as zero-sum games the state would need to change state economically lest it be overtaken by wealthier imperialist neighbors or suffer from internal rebellion by discontented government officials and military leaders. Furthermore, internal development would naturally lead to population growth and would eventually necessitate expansion, which is why L.N. Rangarajan notes that the aim of creating a well-run state is to provide the base for expansion. Continuing with this logic, Kautilya deals in Book 7 with all the theoretical possibilities of conducting an expansionist foreign policy.26 Hence, the prime motive of the state was the never-ending pursuit of artha. It is only after dedicating its energies to this end can the state or ki ng then move on to fulfilling dharma and kama.9. This Arthashastra is primarily a book of political realism where State is paramount and King shall carry out duties as advised in his book to preserve his state. For Kautilya, military strategy was an integral part of the science of polity27 and he made no distinction between military techniques and statecraft. Kautilyas work is so deep rooted in realism that he goes to describe the gory and brutal means a King must adopt to be in power. This could have been one reason why Ashoka, the grandson of Chandragupta Maurya whom Kautilya advised renounced violence and war thus taking the path of Dharma or Morals.10. I will also be making a few references to the other books of Arthashatra where topics of Management have been dealt with. The bailiwicks covered under Management include training, management education, leadership skills, alternative of employees, consultation, crisis management, risk management, strategic management, corporate governance, information systems, intelligence network, competition, mergers and acquisitions, etc. among many others. Kautilya11. There are a large of theories as to who Chanakya, or Kautilya or Vishnugupta , was. Kautilya was an enigmatical whose inventory is shrouded in mystery. However, all sources of Indian tradition Brahmin, Buddhist and Jain agree that Kautilya destroyed the Nanda dynasty and installed Chandragupta Maurya on the throne of Magadha.12. One theory about his origin is that Chanakya was a Kerala Brahmin who somehow reached the court of the Nanda king at Pataliputra28. The next theory is that Chanakya was a North Indian Brahmin born and educated in Taxila29 and that he was physically ugly, had a disgusting complexion and his limbs were deformed. As per Jain tradition, his parents noticed that Chanakya was born with full set of teething, a mark of future king. They had the teeth removed as either parent did not want him to become a King . He became a King maker instead.13. At a very early age little Chanakya started studying Vedas. He later also studied politics and economics. As a student and later a professor, the University of Taxila became Chanakyas breeding ground of acquiring knowledge in the practical and theoretical aspects on all walks of life. However, with the Greek armies of Selucus threatening to invade India, and the various kingdoms in the subcontinent on the verge of war and aggression with each other, Chanakya left the university at Taxila, and proceeded in his own words to strengthen the country politically and economically and to save the country from the clutches of foreign invaders.14. In Magadha, Chanakya was insulted by the King of Patliputra, Dhana Nanda and he vowed to destroy the Nanda dynasty. He came upon Chandragupta and together, Chanakya and Chandragupta set about attacking the Nanda kingdom until finally Chandragupta was installed as the king of Magadha30. gibe to written tradition, Chanakya was a fearless person, not afraid of death, disgrace or defeat. He was compassionate of the poor and evil to schemers.15. Chanakya then retired from active life and reflected on all that he had learnt during the process of overthrowing Dhana Nanda. Since he found the earlier works on statecraft31 unsatisfactory in many respects, he composed his own definitive work presenting his ideas concerning the ways in which a ruler should gain power and maintain his authority. For Chanakya, military strategy was an integral part of the science of polity and he made no distinction between military techniques and statecraft. Thus came into being the Arthashastra. There is no doubt that this treatise is the work of a genius, who spoke of matters which have held relevance down the ages to contemporary times with striking infallibility. The military writings of Chanakya precede those of Machiavelli and Clausewitz by centuries but seldom has this fact been acknowledged much less credited outside India.The king who understands the interdependence of the six methods of foreign policy, plays, as he pleases, with other rulers bound to him by the chains of his intellect. KautilyaCHAPTER III KAUTILYAN FOREIGN POLICY Saptanga Concept Of State16. Kautilyas theory of the state describes the seven constituent sections of any state32 and is an exposition of the theory of the Circle of States (The mandala theory) as the basis for a foreign policy of expansion by conquest. Of the seven elements, six (the King, the ministers, the people, the fortified city, the Treasury and the army) are internal elements only the ally is an element outside the borders. The structure and cheek of the six internal elements of a well ordered state are fully developed and explained by Kautilya in books I to 5. The aim of creating a well-run state is to provide the base for expansion. Continuing this logic, Kautilya in Book 7 deaIs with all theoretical possibilities of conducting an expansionist foreign policy. Before a Kin g actually sets out on an expedition of conquest he has to take steps to guard himself against the dangers which might weaken any of constituent elements of his own state. Kautilya uses the word calamity (vyasana) in the precise sense of any event which weakens any constituent element of a state, thereby preventing it from being to its full potential in the conduct of foreign policy or war33.17. This theory in one form or another (in part, as elements of national power), has survived to this very day as a mainstay of reflection and analysis of international politics. Kautilya enumerates the desirable qualities each of these elements should display and points out, too, that his list of elements is arranged in descending order of importance each succeeding element is less important than the one before it, the king being most important of all. A ruler who possesses the elements of state and who wisely takes care of them will never be defeated, he says, and then devotes the whole of Bo ok VIII34 to a systematic analysis of the troubles and calamities which might befall each one of these elements (in other words, to their malfunctioning).18. The king is the focal point of analysis he strives to maintain and improve his position knowing that the determinants of status in international society are two power and happiness The possession of power and happiness in a great degree makes a king superior to another in a lesser degree, subscript and in an equal degree, equal. Hence a king shall always endeavour to augment his power and elevate his happiness.19. Neither power nor happiness is clearly or exhaustively defined or analysed. We know, however, that power is to be understood as strength and that it has three components35-(a) Mantrashakti Power of counsel, deliberation or decision-making, including capacity for intrigue.(b) Prabhushakti The treasury and the army.(c) Utsahashakti subside and determination.20. Thus power refers essentially to activity and applicatio n of the elements of the state, just mentioned. Happiness on the other hand is that which can be attained by the use of power. It is to some degree a measure of success of foreign policy and the implementation of its objectives, but it also indicates those qualities such as righteousness and also internal stability and not power alone that enter into the determination of international status.21. A kings position is not, however, unchanging his status relative to another king is multivariate and needs continuous attention. A king prevents deterioration in his position and secures an improvement (a desire for which is a built-in feature of the system) in two ways by attention to the elements of his power, and by external action. Kautilya enjoins the ruler to pursue power investment a wise king adopts policies that add to the resources of his country and enable him to get forts, to construct buildings and commercial roads, to open new plantations and villages, to exploit mines and ti mber and elephant forests, and at the same time to harass similar works of the enemy36. Status is also obviously change by successes in military and other fields, but the king is cautioned to rely on strengthening his own power before embarking upon foreign adventures. According to Kautilya, and here is one of the more interesting portions of his analysis, the kings status read national power determines his foreign policy. That policy differs according to whether it is directed toward kings who are superior, inferior or equal to him. The bulk of the international portions of the Arthashastra are a discussion of the policies that may be appropriately pursued by superior or inferior kings37. Postulates Of Foreign Policy22. As a political realist, Kautilya assumed that every nation acts to maximize power and self-interest, and therefore moral principles or obligations have little or no force in actions among nations38. While it is good to have an ally, the alliance will last only as long as it is in that allys as well as ones own self-interest, because an ally looks to the securing of his own interests in the event of simultaneity of calamities and in the event of the growth of the enemys power39. Whether one goes to war or remains at peace depends entirely upon the self-interest of, or advantage to, ones kingdom War and peace are considered solely from the point of view of profit. One slip bys an ally not because of good will or moral obligation, but because one is strong and can advance ones own self-interest as well as the self-interest of the ally, for when one has an army, ones ally remains friendly, or (even) the enemy becomes friendly.40 Because nations always act in their political, economic, and military self-interest, even times of peace have the potential to turn abruptly into times of war, allies into enemies, and even enemies into allies. Kautilya probably assumed that peaceful empires cannot last forever, and that conflict among smaller states is more common in history.23. For Kautilya, this principle of foreign policy that nations act in their political, economic, and military self-interest was a timeless truth of his science of politics, or arthasastra. He did not believe that nations never act in an altruistic manner indeed, Kautilya advocated humanitarian acts that also coincided with ones self-interest but he did believe that one must assume, if entrusted with political or military power that ones neighbours will eventually act in their own interests. Put another way, one would be betraying ones own people if one did not assume a worst-case scenario. A nation forced to rely on the kindness of neighbouring states is weak and, unless it can change rapidly, doomed to destruction.24. Arthashastra is concerned with the security and foreign policy needs of a small state, in an environment with numerous other small states. The scope for enlargement of this small state was limited to the Indian subcontinent. The area extending from the Himalayas in the north to the sea in the south and a thousand yojanas41 wide from East to West is the area of operation of the King-Emperor42. Territories beyond the subcontinent are not included, probably for the reason that the conqueror is expected to establish in the conquered territories a social order based on the Aryas dharma, varna and ashrama system. Kautilya perhaps considered the establishment of such a social order outside the limits of India impractical or even undesirable43.25. The guiding principles which govern the Kautilyan theory of foreign policy are44-(a) A king shall develop his state, i.e., augment its resources and power in order to enable him to embark on a campaign of conquest(b) The enemy shall be eliminated(c) Those who help are friends(d) A prudent course shall always be adopted(e) Peace is to be preferred to war and(f) A kings behaviour, in victory and in defeat, must be just.26. The first verse of 6.2, Sama vyayamau yogakshemayoryonih The welf are of a state ensuring the security of the state at bottom its existing boundaries and acquiring new territory to enlarge it depends on adopting a policy of non-intervention or overt action establish the basis for all foreign policy.27. This non-intervention, a method designed to build up confidence between kings, is to be understood in a specialized sense. It is not a policy of doing nothing but the deliberate choice of a policy of keeping onward from foreign entanglements, in order to enjoy the fruits of past acquisitions by consolidating them.28. Vyayama, (industry or activity) implies an active foreign policy, Yoga, the objective of enlargement of ones power and influence, and, through these, ones territory. These are the two stages of policy. Both depend on the state making progress, either materially in terms of its treasury and army or diplomatically in terms of its relations with other states.29. The problem of defence of a state is intimately bound up with the question of its foreign relations. It is from hostile states that the state needs to be defended. Foreign relations are mainly discussed from the stand point of the Vijigisu45. In other words, it seeks to show how a state, desirous of extending its influence and expanding its territory, should conduct its relations with foreign states. A states position is determined by its relative progress or relative turn down vis-a-vis other states in the neighbourhood.30. The most important of a kings neighbours is the enemy. Among the states surrounding a kingdom, there is always one who is the natural enemy. Presumably, this is the one neighbour who has designs on the king and, in the absence of any action, will be out to attack the king. The other neighbours may be hostile (aribhavi), friendly (mitrabhavi) or vassal (bhrityabhavi). There may also be a small buffer state between the king and the enemy (antardih). However, the main target of the conqueror is always the designated natural enemy one can not make peace with an enemy46. The reason for many aspects of the analysis of foreign policy being couched in terms of the conqueror out manoeuvring the enemy, is that the enemy is also the target of the diplomacy of the conqueror. When the conditions are ripe, a military campaign will be undertaken against him.31. Allies are important in fact, allies are described as a constituent element of a state, the only external constituent. An alliance is based on giving help. A friend is ever a well-wisher47. Kautilya gives us a comprehensive analysis of the type of kings with whom an alliance is desirable and the types of allies based on their character and motivation.32. Since prudence should always govern choice of policy, Kautilya is against both spineless subduedness and foolhardy valour48. Therefore, peace should always be preferred to war When the degree of progress is the same in pursuUK Construction Industry wellness and natural rubber AnalysisUK Construction Industry Health an d Safety AnalysisTo formulate a Comparative Analysis of the Health and Safety Practices and Procedures to the UK Construction Industry and their application to a Large Commercial Construction OrganisationRebecca BarracloughTable of Contents (Jump to)RationaleIntroductionAims, Objectives HypothesisAimsObjectivesHypothesisNull HypothesisInitial Literature reassessmentmethodological analysis1. RationaleThe increased ferocity on health and rubber in the verbalism industry in more recent years is the pick out influence of this study. In particular the company I am employed by has upped its game in terms of safe measures and places a substantial emphasis on the importance of health and safety. I feel a comparative analysis of the companys performance in comparison to how the rest of the industry is performing would provide them with beneficial information and help to identify strengths and weaknesses within the company.2. IntroductionHealth and safety within the workplace has come a long way particularly since the introduction of the Health and Safety at Work Act (HSWA) 1974. Historically people often accepted that accidents and ill-health were all part of having a job and greater risks were taken without much regard to safety measures. Over time health and safety within the work place has become increasingly dominant with a greater emphasis on safety measures. However, although statistics produced by the Health and safety Executive shows there has been a decline in the number of work place accidents, in the period of 2015/2016 alone 1.3 million working people suffered from a work-related illness. (HSE.gov) It is clear that this still remains a dominant issue and there is populate for improvement.Employees, members of public and visitors equally have a right to protection of their health and safety when in and around a work place. Legislation and regulations are securely in place to regulate this often issues are identified and improvement notices are issu ed nevertheless more serious injuries and fatalities are covered by criminal Law and could lead to major fines and even imprisonment.As report by the Health and Safety Executive the construction industry is a major employer equivalence to around 6% of the workforce in the UK. This study will look into the background of health and safety in construction, analysing accident statistics and safety measures. It will include a comparative analysis of the performance of a large commercial construction company compared with other leading contractors within the industry.3. Aims, Objectives Hypothesis3.1 AimsTo analyse health, safety and welfare performance within the construction industryCompare the performance of a large commercial construction organisation to the wider industry and evaluate behavioral safety within the organisation3.2 ObjectivesBackground to construction health safety and welfare performance over the last 10 yearsTo identify the 5 highest risk activities in the constr uction industry and the safety measures implemented to reduce the risk.Compare the performance of a large commercial construction organisation in comparison of how the rest of the industry is performing and evaluate their behavioural safety cultureTo capture and appraise any emerging trends to consider areas of good performance and possible areas of improvement3.3 HypothesisStatistics will show that there has been a decrease in the number of accidents reported to the Health and Safety Executive within the construction industry over the past 10 years3.4 Null hypothesisStatistics will show that there has been an increase in the number of accidents reported to the Health and Safety Executive within the construction industry over the past 10 years4. Initial Literature Review4.1 Health and Safety DefinedHealth and Safety in general terms can be defined as Regulations and procedures intended to prevent accident or injury in workplaces or public environments (oxforddictionaries.com)4.2 Hea lth and Safety at WorkEveryday masses of people leave the safety of their homes to go to work and earn a living it is their right to return home at the end of the day free from injury and ill-health. Not only do employers have responsibilities to keep their employees safe but individuals also have a duty to protect their own wellbeing.4.3 Health and Safety at Work Ack 1974 (HSWA)The Health and Safety at Work Act was introduced in 1974 in attempts to improve health, safety and welfare within the work place. In England, Scotland and Wales this is the primary legislation of health and safety and sets out stringent guidelines and regulations, it also imposes legal duties on both employees and employers. Considerable amount of the legislation within the Act incorporates the recommendations made by Lord Roben in his health and safety at work report, published in 1972. The report aimed to identify any improvements necessary to the health and safety of persons at work by reviewing incumben t provisions.Some of the legal duties imposed on both employers and employees are set out belowEmployers ResponsibilitiesProtect the health, safety and welfare at work of all employees leave and maintain plant and systems of work that are safe and without risk to healthHave arrangements for ensuring safety and absence of risk to health in affiliation with use, handling, storage and transport of articles and substancesProvide such information, instruction, training and supervision as is necessary to ensure health and safety at work of employeesMaintain any place of work under their control in a condition that is safe and without risk to health, and with access to and egress from it, that are safe and without such risksProvide and maintain an environment that is safe, without risks to health and adequate as regards with the welfare of employees(citb 2015, pg 5)Employees ResponsibilitiesTake responsible care for the health and safety of themselves or others who may be affected by thei r acts or omissionsCo-operate with their employer in all matters relating to health and safetyNot intestinally or recklessly interfere with or misuse anything provided in the interests of health, safety or welfareUse anything provided by the employer in accordance with instructionsReport anything that is thought to be dangerous(citb 2015, pg 6)4.4 The Health and Safety CommissionThe Royal acquiescence of the HSWA was followed by the formation of the The Health and Safety Commission (HSC). The primary responsibility of the HSCs was to ensure the security of peoples health, safety and welfare at work, to protect the public from potential harm caused by work situations and to provide guidance about the provisions enforced with in the Act to local authorities and the Health and Safety Executives.4.5 The Health and Safety Executive1975 saw the introduction of The Health and Safety Executive (HSE). The remit of the HSE was to enforce health and safety legislation within the workplace, the y consist of health and safety inspectors who visit a workplace without notice and carry out inspections. They have the authority to issue improvement notices or prohibition notices when company/individuals are in breach of health and safety law or in some cases prosecute.4.6 Health and Safety in ConstructionThe construction industry is several(a) and could be seen as one of the higher risk industries due to the nature of works and specialist activities that take place on a construction site.The HSE collate data and statistics on accident rates within the industry, research suggests that 5% of the UK industry is made up from construction. Although this appears to be minimal, figures show that 10% of minor injuries and 22% of fatalities reported occur within this sector. In the period of 2015-2016 they reported that 43 fatalities occurred in the construction industry alone. They estimate that around 4% of employees in construction are affected by a work related illness each year and 3% sustain an injury through work. This would equate to 2.2 million working days lost.With all of this in mind it is clear that the emphasis of health and safety needs to remain a dominant influence.4.7 chassis UKBuild UK focuses on key industry issues that can deliver change and enable the construction supply chain to improve the efficiency and delivery of construction projects for the gain of the UK economy. (builduk.org)Health and safety is one of the issues focused on by Build UK, they aim to identify common standards that would improve health and safety performance and continually strive to improve the management of safety. Currently 27 large contractors are members of Build UK and their accident statistics are recorded annually. Such figures would from a basis for a comparative analysis between some of the leading contractors in the UK in terms of safety performance.4.8 StatisticsAt first glance it appears that there has been a decline in the in number of accidents occurring in the construction industry each year.The table below was taken from the labour force survey and shows the trend of self-reported none-fatal injuries per 100,000 workers between the years 2000 to 2016Source Labour Force Survey (LFS)4.9 Behavioural SafetyOften many accidents in the workplace could be easily avoided, a significant amount of accidents are caused by unreasonable behaviour or ignorance. Using behavioural safety models within a work place encourages manager and workforce participation and can often influence peoples attitudes and behaviours towards safety. It promotes communication and reinforces safe behaviour.Below is the model used in the behavioural safety programmeSource HSE.GOV5. MethodologyResearch can be described as a method of finding out new facts and drawing up conclusions, it is also a way of expanding existing knowledge.TriangulationTriangulation in research can be defined asusing two or more sourcesusing two or more methodsmore than one researcher explori ng the same objectA triangulation method is to be used in this study to gather a varied amount of data to reflect the industry and increase validity. Both primary and secondary research will be incorporated the source of the secondary research will be textbooks, official publications and official statistics. The primary research will include a mixed method approach of questionnaires and interviews.Methodological ModelData CollectionBoth the primary and secondary research will incorporate a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods in attempts to increase the validity of the information collected. There are advantages of both methodsQuantitativeData can be collected and analysed within a reasonable amount of timeResults taken from a prove can be generalized if the response rate is reasonably high and if the sample is representableIt is often reliable and repeatable researchIt can be anonymous and ethicalQualitativeTopics can be explored in depth and with greater detailUses subjective informationOffers flexibility as fewer participants are neededSemi-structured questionnaires including both open and closed ended question will be sent out to participants, a representable sample will be used from the hierarchy of construction to increase the validity of the dataIn attempts to increase the response rate a percentage of the questionnaires will be hand out following on from a site induction, I predict that 100% of these will be completed. The remaining will be emailed or reach out in person, in total I estimate that 70% of all questionnaires will returned.Interviews will be carried out as the second part of the primary research the interviewees will be within a large commercial construction organisation and will include a health and safety manager, a site manager and an operative. There will also be an interview carried on an employee of the HSE this will be to gain an outside non bias perspective.Data Analysishttps//en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/ health_and_safetyhttp//www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/history/index.htmhttp//www.chsg.co.uk/news/health-and-safety-in-the-uk-construction-industry/http//www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/http//www.hse.gov.uk/STATISTICS/industry/construction/construction.pdfhttp//www.kier.co.uk//media/Files/K/Kier/Annual%20Reports/annual-reports-2016/download/Kier%20CR%20reporting%20guidelines%20rev%201.pdf

Implications of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder for War Veterans Essay

Implications of Post- harmtic Stress Disorder for War Vet agens War is a complex concept that is increasingly difficult to understand, particularly in an age that allows for have a go at it images of combat to be beamed around the world. Many war films depict the brutalities of war and affects war has on participants, but it seems that these representations merely skim the surface. The 20th century is an era that saw a significant amount of military action World Wars I and II, the Cold War, Vietnam, and the Gulf War - millions of men fought, some survived and live among us today. Unfortunately, the war experience for many veterans is traumatizing and as a result, many have been diagnosed with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). This disorder is often quite mentally debilitating this, then, begs the incredulity of the social implications of the disorder as well as whether this has any bearing on the necessity of war. At the minimum, PTSD is a branch of emotion that stems from render or anxiety. Stress is not uncommon among humans as it can be caused by something as simple as gridlock or an argument. When we feel stressed, our luggage compartment is attuned to exhibit the fight-or-flight response during which the body releases chemicals that make it tense, alert, and ready for action (1). PTSD, however, is a sector of stress that is very specialized for it occurs after traumatic events these may acknowledge car accidents, earthquakes, rape, or military combat. People suffering from PTSD experience paranoia, flashbacks and generally have difficulty engaging in normal daily activities (2). one and only(a) Vietnam veteran diagnosed with the disorder explains that he often has extreme emotional outbursts I developed a nasty temper, became very nervous... ...does occur between countries, it is carried out by people, by fellow humans beings who should never have to bear witness to such extreme horrors.Works Cited1) Stress infohttp//my.webmd.com/hw/em otional_wellness/ta4405.asp2) American Psychiatric Associationhttp//www.psych.org/public_info/ptsd.cfm3)Kulka, Richard A., et al. Trauma and the Vietnam War Generation. New York Brunner/Mazel Publishers, 1990.4) Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, Wars, and Terrorismhttp//www.kimsoft.com/2001/ptsd.htm5)Wilson, John P., et al, eds. Human Adaptation to Extreme Stress. New York Plenum Press, 1988.6)The Invisible Epidemic Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Memory and the Brainhttp//www.thedoctorwillseeyounow.com/articles/ behavior/ptsd_4/7) Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Understanding the Pain http//www.nursingceu.com/NCEU/courses/ptsd/

Theodor Geisel Essay -- Literary Analysis, Dr. Seuss

THESISTheodor Geisels political activism during World War II, especially in the form of his political cartoons, heavily influenced his work as a childrens author, and impacted the communicates of Horton Hears a Who and Yertle the Turtle. INTRODUCTION Dr. Seuss is known for his phenomenal creatures, invented words, and rhymes that surpassed absurdity and became something beautiful. Before that, though, Theodor Geisel was nationally noted for his political cartoons during World War II that enticed the mind to do more than think, but to ask questions and crave knowledge and justice. Dr. Seuss was not just a whimsical alter-ego of Mr. Geisel by any means, however. Dr. Seuss allowed Geisel to communicate his message to a new audience, in a unique way. Before his death, he left the world with a saucer-eyed plea- We need to do better (Nell 294). The bequest he left behind paves the trail for society to do just that. THE BIRTH OF MR. GEISEL, THE CREATION OF DR. SEUSSOn March 2nd, 19 04, the world got its first glimpse of the gentleman who would forever change the world of childrens literature. Theodor Seuss Geisel was born to Henrietta and Theodor Robert Geisel on this day in Springfield, Massachusetts. He had one older sister, Marnie, who was his hero and best friend. She was the basis of many of his stories. Later, his parents would have another daughter, Henrietta, but the family was struck by tragedy when she died of pneumonia. Henrietta Sr. and Theodor Robert reacted to this disaster by investing all of their love and focus into their remaining two children (Levine, 9). The Geisels, though they were not wealthy, lived a comfortable life. They were of German descent, and took great pride in their heritage until th... ...course, are the turtles are free, as turtles, and maybe all creatures, should be (10). CONCLUSION Theodor Seuss Geisel died a hero among children and adults alike. He accomplished a task that would be impossible to most- he was able to in corporate not only the simple difference between good and bad, but the realities of social injustice and the power of the oppressed, into childrens books. Clifton Fadiman, writer for The New Yorker, may have most accurately expound Dr. Seuss in an article following his death- He is the most useful childrens author of our time. He has helped dispel a lot of the nonsense that children are taught and his books always keep their universal cry for wonder, fairness, and love (Morgan 291). Geisel used his political knowledge and passion to open the eyes of all people, no matter how young, and no matter how small.